| Titles | Abstract | Indexed Keywords | Author Keywords |
| Spatial, temporal, and occupational risks of Q fever infection in South Australia, 2007–2017 | Background: The burden of Q fever on at risk population groups in Australia is substantial, despite the availability of a vaccine. Our objectives were to: (a) describe the epidemiology of notified Q fever cases in South Australia (SA), (b) identify if Q fever infection is associated with occupational exposure, and (c) detect the possible spatial and temporal association of Q fever with livestock density. Methods: Laboratory confirmed Q fever notifications from January 2007 to December 2017 were obtained from the SA Health Department. Q fever notification rates and incidence rate ratios were calculated for gender, notification year, age group, occupation category, and primary exposure suburb. Spatial mapping and analysis of Q fever notifications was undertaken using livestock data, and abattoirs and saleyards located in SA. Results: During the study period 167 Q fever cases were notified. Males predominated (72%), with higher rates observed in the 21–40 year age group (1.52/100,000), and eight cases (5%) reported prior Q fever vaccination. Most frequently listed occupation categories were livestock farmers (35%), and abattoir workers (20%), but in 15% of cases, there was no known occupational risk. Highest notifications (22%) were recorded in the suburb containing an abattoir. The number of goats, cattle and sheep was not associated with Q fever notifications. Conclusions: Q fever predominance among males in their twenties and thirties may indicate vaccination under-coverage among the young workforce possibly due to high turnover of workers. Q fever among those vaccinated raises concerns about vaccine efficacy or potential waning immunity. Our findings are consistent with previous studies highlighting abattoir workers as a high-risk occupational group because of its transient workforce, and low vaccination coverage. Q fever notifications in SA may be unrelated with spatial livestock density. Further One Health research involving veterinary, public health and environmental data is required. © 2019 The Author(s) | Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Livestock; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Q Fever; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; South Australia; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Young Adult; abattoir worker; adult; agricultural worker; Article; bovine; female; goat; groups by age; human; incidence; infection risk; livestock; major clinical study; male; middle aged; occupational exposure; occupational hazard; One Health; priority journal; Q fever; seasonal variation; sex difference; sheep; slaughterhouse; South Australia; spatiotemporal analysis; vaccination; veterinary student; adolescent; age; animal; child; infant; microbiology; newborn; occupational disease; preschool child; Q fever; risk factor; sex factor; spatiotemporal analysis; young adult |
| Identifying the environmental drivers of Campylobacter infection risk in southern Ontario, Canada using a One Health approachs | Background: Campylobacter bacteria infect both humans and animals. Sources of human exposure include contaminated food and water, contact with animals and/or their faeces, and contact with infected individuals. The objectives of this study were to: (a) identify environmental conditions associated with the occurrence of Campylobacter in humans in four regions of Ontario, and (b) identify pooled measures of effect across all four regions and potential sources of heterogeneity. Methods: To address objective 1, human Campylobacter cases from four health regions of Ontario, Canada were analysed using negative binomial regression and case cross-over analysis to identify relationships between environmental factors (temperature, precipitation and hydrology of the local watershed) and the risk of human infection. To address objective 2, meta-analytic models were used to explore pooled measures of effect and when appropriate, meta-regression models were used to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Results: Human incidence exhibited strong seasonality with cases peaking in the late spring and summer. There was a decreasing yearly effect in three of the four health regions. A significant pooled effect was found for mean temperature after a 1-week lag (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.02, 1.04). No significant pooled effects were found for precipitation or water flow. However, increased precipitation was associated with lower odds of campylobacteriosis in Wellington and York regions at 2- and 3-week lags, respectively, from the case cross-over analysis. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that a climatic factor (specifically, mean temperature in the week prior) was associated with human case occurrence after a biologically plausible time period, but hydrologic factors are not. © 2020 Blackwell Verlag GmbH | Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Cross-Over Studies; Environmental Microbiology; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; One Health; Ontario; Risk Factors; Seasons; Young Adult; Zoonoses; adult; Article; Campylobacter; campylobacteriosis; child; environmental exposure; environmental factor; environmental temperature; female; human; hydrology; incidence; infection risk; major clinical study; male; nonhuman; One Health; Ontario; precipitation; priority journal; seasonal variation; spring; summer; water flow; watershed; adolescent; aged; animal; campylobacteriosis; crossover procedure; environmental microbiology; middle aged; Ontario; risk factor; season; very elderly; young adult; zoonosis |
| Aquatic environments in the one health context: Modulating the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon; [Ambientes aquáticos no contexto one health: Modulação do fenômeno da resistência aos antimicrobianos] | From an anthropocentric perspective, aquatic environments are important to maintain health and survival, however, as they are sometimes managed based on misconception, they are considered a convergent pathway for anthropogenic residues and sanitation. Thus, it is observed that these ecosystems have been threatened by chemical pollution due to xenobiotics, especially from a more contemporary approach, by the selective pressure associated with antimicrobials. There are several studies that report the enrichment of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and mobilizable antimicrobial resistance genes in aquatic and adjacent ecosystems. From the perspective of the emerging and reemerging number of diseases related to the interplay of human, animal, and environmental factors, a new conception arose to address these issues holistically, which is known as the One Health approach. Scientific and political discourse on this conception should lead to effective action plans for preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases in open environment, including those impacted by anthropogenic activities. Therefore, nowadays, discussions on antimicrobial resistance are becoming broader and are requiring a multi-disciplinary view to address health and environmental challenges, which includes aquatic environment management. Water may represent one of the most important ecosystems for the in antimicrobial resistance phenomenon that arises when a dynamic and singular microbial community may be influenced by several characteristics. As antimicrobial substances do not all degrade at the same time under the same treatment, strategies concerning their removal from the environment should consider their individualized chemical characteristics. © 2020, Sociedade Brasileira de Limnologia. All rights reserved. |
| The feasibility of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk-factor estimation among forest staff at Sahyadri Tiger Reserve in Central India | An increasing prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in countries like India could pose a threat to the health and field capacities of forest staff. However, there is a lack of data globally about their NCD risks. Using data from preventive health checks conducted for forest staff at Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, in Maharashtra, Central India, this study assessed the feasibility of screening for NCD risk factors such as elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), abnormal lipid levels, use of tobacco and alcohol, high body mass index, high waist circumference, and elevated blood pressure. Follow-up surveys were conducted six months after preventive health interventions to collect details of health service utilization as well as feedback for the preventive health interventions. While reporting a high prevalence of NCD risk factors among forest staff–which could predispose them to cardiovascular disease–this study demonstrates that implementing workplace-based NCD screening interventions is feasible, effective, acceptable, and beneficial to forest staff. Key policy insights Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors may play an important role in the sustainability of conservation efforts. NCDs should be integrated as a key component of the One Health paradigm. Workplace-based interventions for prevention and screening of NCDs could provide a feasible and effective method to mitigate health inequalities faced by the conservation workforce. Collaborative efforts to address the health needs of conservation staff working in remote rural regions could help achieve mutually beneficial outcomes for human health and conservation. © 2020 Biodiversity Conservancy International. |
| Magnitude and trends of ruminants, Pigs and poultry diseases in Taraba State, Nigeria, 2013-2017: implications for public health | Introduction: livestock diseases could pose a threat to public health through zoonoses and exacerbation of antimicrobial resistance with indiscriminate drug use. Understanding and managing public health threats at the human-animal-environment interface is key to global health security. We determined the magnitude and trends of zoonotic and Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) among livestock in Taraba State, a nexus for livestock activities in Nigeria. Methods: we reviewed records of clinical cases between 2013 and 2017 at the Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Taraba State. Data on livestock species, clinical diagnosis and sex were extracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: of the total 1,535,267 cases in ruminants and pigs, top zoonotic diseases were Helminthoses (43.0 %), Trypanosomosis (21.2%) and ectoparasitism (14.9%); while TADs were Peste des Petits Ruminants (2.1%), Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (1.4%) and Foot and mouth disease (1.3%). Cumulatively, 87.3% of the cases in ruminants and pigs in Taraba State were zoonotic diseases. Of the total 237,671 cases in poultry, the most reported was coccidiosis (71.4%); disease of zoonotic importance was enteric salmonellosis (3.1%), and the most TAD was Newcastle Disease (8.4 %). More than half (53.9 %) of the ruminant and pig cases were females. The frequency of occurrence of most cases was regular across the years. Conclusion: the magnitude and pattern of animal diseases of zoonotic and public Health importance in Taraba State is high and endemic. Public education and One-Health approach involving veterinary services; public and environmental health is advocated towards the prevention and control of these diseases. © Ayi Vandi Kwaghe et al. |
| European union’s action plan on antimicrobial resistance and implications for trading partners with example of national action plan for Croatia | The European Union (EU) is addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a global challenge. A new EU One Health action plan against AMR was issued in 2017 with the goal of preserving the effective treatment of infections in humans and animals, providing a framework for continued, more extensive action to reduce the emergence and spread of AMR, and increasing the development and availability of new effective antimicrobial agents inside and outside the EU. The plan proposes measures to help member states (MS) the proper implementation of antimicrobial stewardship practices to ensure optimal use of antimicrobials and puts forth proposals for new regulations on veterinary medicinal products and medicated feed currently undergoing the ordinary legislative procedure. As a MS, Croatia is putting significant efforts into training and awareness-raising to those who prescribe and use antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. The national action plan (NAP) contains: (1) surveillance of AMR of bacteria and reporting to appropriate EU agencies; (2) tracking antimicrobial use (AMU); (3) promotion of responsible use of antimicrobial agents – antimicrobial stewardship; (4) controlling the spread of resistant bacterial strains; (5) awareness-raising on the adverse effects of excessive AMU; and (6) support for the scientific activities through research in AMR by the Ministry of Health, Agriculture and Sciences. An example of the monitoring of AMR in Salmonella, Campylobacter, and indicator Escherichia coli and Enterobacter in poultry, fattening pigs, and calves with regards to a set of antimicrobial agents proposed by the EFSA (European Food Safety Agency) is presented. © Asian Fisheries Society. | Croatia; action plan; antibiotic resistance; antibiotics; antimicrobial activity; aquaculture; European Union |
| Campylobacter jejuni from canine and bovine cases of campylobacteriosis express high antimicrobial resistance rates against (Fluoro)quinolones and tetracyclines | Campylobacter (C.) spp. from poultry is the main source of foodborne human campylobacteriosis, but diseased pets and cattle shedding Campylobacter spp. may contribute sporadically as a source of human infection. As fluoroquinolones are one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe human campylobacteriosis, the resistance rates of C. jejuni and C. coli from poultry against antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, are monitored within the European program on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock. However, much less is published on the AMR rates of C. jejuni and C. coli from pets and cattle. Therefore, C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from diseased animals were tested phenotypically for AMR, and associated AMR genes or mutations were identified by whole genome sequencing. High rates of resistance to (fluoro)quinolones (41%) and tetracyclines (61.1%) were found in C. jejuni (n = 29/66). (Fluoro)quinolone resistance was associated with the known point mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, and tetracycline resistance was mostly caused by the tet(O) gene. These high rates of resistance, especially to critically important antibiotics in C. jejuni and C. coli, are worrisome not only in veterinary medicine. Efforts to preserve the efficacy of important antimicrobial treatment options in human and veterinary medicine have to be strengthened in the future. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | ciprofloxacin; erythromycin; gentamicin; nalidixic acid; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; quinolone; streptomycin; tetracycline; antibiotic resistance; Article; bovine; broth dilution; Campylobacter jejuni; campylobacteriosis; DNA extraction; dog; livestock; matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; minimum inhibitory concentration; multilocus sequence typing; nonhuman; point mutation; poultry; Streptococcus; veterinary medicine; whole genome sequencing |
| Validation of ICD-10-CM surveillance codes for traumatic brain injury inpatient hospitalizations | Objective: Using inpatient data from a 1,160-bed health system, we assessed the positive predictive value (PPV) of ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes included in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) surveillance definition proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2016. Methods: A random sample of 196 records with ICD-10-CM TBI codes was reviewed. The PPVs for the ICD-10-CM codes’ ability to capture true TBI cases were calculated as the percentage of records with confirmed clinical provider-documented TBI and reported with 95% confidence intervals [95%CIs]. Results: The estimated overall PPV was 74% [67.9%, 80.1%] when the codes were listed in any diagnostic field, but 91.5% [86.2%, 96.8%] when listed as the principal diagnosis. S06 codes (intracranial injury) had an overall PPV of 80.2% [74.3%, 86.1%] and 96.9% [93.3%, 100%] when listed as the principal diagnosis. S02.0-.1 codes (vault/base skull fractures) in any position without co-existing S06 codes had a PPV of 15.8% [0%, 33.2%]. Conclusions: Intracranial injury codes (S06) in any diagnostic position had a very high estimated PPV. Further research is needed to determine the utility of other codes included in the CDC proposed definition for TBI surveillance. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. | Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Craniocerebral Trauma; Hospitalization; Humans; Inpatients; International Classification of Diseases; adolescent; adult; aged; alcohol consumption; Article; child; confusion; dementia; disease surveillance; dizziness; drug abuse; face fracture; female; headache; health care system; hospital discharge; hospital patient; hospitalization; human; ICD-10-CM; infant; major clinical study; male; medical record review; mood change; newborn; One Health; postconcussion syndrome; predictive value; public health service; retrospective study; seizure; skull base fracture; skull fracture; speech disorder; tinnitus; traumatic brain injury; unconsciousness; validation study; head injury; hospital patient; hospitalization; International Classification of Diseases; traumatic brain injury |
| A one health perspective on the human-companion animal relationship with emphasis on zoonotic aspects | Over time the human-animal bond has been changed. For instance, the role of pets has changed from work animals (protecting houses, catching mice) to animals with a social function, giving companionship. Pets can be important for the physical and mental health of their owners but may also transmit zoonotic infections. The One Health initiative is a worldwide strategy for expanding collaborations in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment. However, in One Health communications the role of particularly dogs and cats is often underestimated. Objective: Evaluation of positive and negative One Health issues of the human- companion animal relationship with a focus on zoonotic aspects of cats and dogs in industrialized countries. Method: Literature review. Results: Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health, while owners are increasing aware of pet’s health and welfare. The changing attitude of humans with regard to pets and their environment can also lead to negative effects such as changes in feeding practices, extreme breeding, and behavioral problems, and anthropozoonoses. For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. Conclusions: One Health issues need frequently reevaluated as the close human-animal relationship with pet animals can totally differ compared to decennia ago. Because of the changed human-companion animal bond, recommendations regarding responsible pet-ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conforming the biology of the animal are required. Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Animals; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; One Health; Pets; Surveys and Questionnaires; Zoonoses; Animalia; Canis familiaris; Mus; animal welfare; health care; health risk; hygiene; mental health; physical analysis; animal welfare; Article; attitude to health; bite; breeding; cat; cat scratch disease; disease transmission; dog; environmental sanitation; exotic animal; feeding behavior; housing; human; human companion animal relationship; hygiene; industrialization; infection prevention; kitchen; mental health; nonhuman; One Health; organismal interaction; personal hygiene; pet animal; problem behavior; rescue dog; sleep; soil; travel; trend study; working animal; wound; zoonosis; animal; cat disease; dog disease; human-animal bond; questionnaire |
| Antimicrobial resistance traits of escherichia coli isolated from dairy manure and freshwater ecosystems are similar to one another but differ from associated clinical isolates | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a prevalent global health problem across human and veterinary medicine. The One Health approach to AMR is necessary to mitigate transmission between sources of resistance and decrease the spread of resistant bacteria among humans, animals, and the environment. Our primary goal was to identify associations in resistance traits between Escherichia coli isolated from clinical (n = 103), dairy manure (n = 65), and freshwater ecosystem (n = 64) environments within the same geographic location and timeframe. Clinical E. coli isolates showed the most phenotypic resistance (47.5%), followed by environmental isolates (15.6%) and manure isolates (7.7%), with the most common resistances to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and cefotaxime antibiotics. An isolate subset was screened for extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production resulting in the identification of 35 ESBL producers. The most common ESBL gene identified was blaTEM-1. Additionally, we found nine different plasmid replicon types including IncFIA-FIB, which were frequently associated with ESBL producer isolates. Molecular phylotyping revealed a significant portion of clinical E. coli were associated with phylotype B2, whereas manure and environmental isolates were more diverse. Manure and environmental isolates were significantly different from clinical isolates based on analyzed traits, suggesting more transmission occurs between these two sources in the sampled environment. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
| Characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae and contact to animals in Estonia | We have attempted to define the prevalence and risk factors of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae) carriage, and to characterize antimicrobial susceptibility, beta-lactamase genes, and major types of isolated strains in volunteers, with a specific focus on humans in contact with animals. Samples were collected from 207 volunteers (veterinarians, pig farmers, dog owners, etc.) and cultured on selective agar. Clonal relationships of the isolated ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae were determined by whole genome sequencing and multi-locus sequence typing. Beta-lactamases were detected using a homology search. Subjects filled in questionnaires analyzed by univariate and multiple logistic regression. Colonization with ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae was found in fecal samples of 14 individuals (6.8%; 95%CI: 3.75–11.09%). In multiple regression analysis, working as a pig farmer was a significant risk factor for ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae carriage (OR 4.8; 95%CI 1.2–19.1). The only species isolated was Escherichia coli that distributed into 11 sequence types. All ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae isolates were of CTX-M genotype, with the blaCTX-M-1 being the most prevalent and more common in pig farmers than in other groups. Despite the generally low prevalence of ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae in Estonia, the pig farmers may still pose a threat to transfer resistant microorganisms. The clinical relevance of predominant blaCTX-M-1 carrying E. coli is still unclear and needs further studies. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
| Covid-19 pandemic: Tackling ‘infodemics’ through an integrated one health–social science approach | The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was first identified in Wuhan city, China, in late December 2019, has now spread globally with over 43 million people infected and about 1.16 million deaths as of 30 October 2020. COVID-19 is a novel and highly transmissible disease where little is known, which is why health authorities and the public alike have reasons to be concerned. With the spread of the disease, there has been an ‘infodemic’, which is defined as an influx of all kinds of information, including authentic information and also rumours, misinformation and conspiracy theories about the origin, prevention and treatment of the disease. With the growth of infodemics over social media and mass media, prejudicial and xenophobic acts became more evident, presenting additional challenges for health authorities. Effective con-trol of pandemics such as COVID-19 thus requires large-scale, multifaceted response measures including risk communications. A transdisciplinary collaborative One Health approach has been increasingly advocated as an effective strategy to address diseases that occur at the human-animal-ecosystem interface. Similarly, the role of social science in risk communications in recent epidemics such as Ebola has been widely acknowledged. Timely interdisciplinary reviews, including a social and behavioural sciences lens, are needed to optimise the pandemic response through effectively combating communication challenges associated with infodemics and many other challenges in future epidemic responses. © 2020, Royal Society of Queensland. All rights reserved. |
| Horses as a crucial part of one health | One Health (OH) is a crucial concept, where the interference between humans, animals and the environment matters. This review article focusses on the role of horses in maintaining the health of humans and the environment. Horses’ impact on environmental health includes their influence on soil and the biodiversity of animal and plant species. Nevertheless, the effect of horses is not usually linear and several factors like plant-animal coevolutionary history, climate and animal density play significant roles. The long history of the relationship between horses and humans is shaped by the service of horses in wars or even in mines. Moreover, horses were essential in developing the first antidote to cure diphtheria. Nowadays, horses do have an influential role in animal assisted therapy, in supporting livelihoods in low income countries and as a leisure partner. Horses are of relevance in the spillover of zoonotic and emerging diseases from wildlife to human (e.g., Hendra Virus), and in non-communicable diseases (e.g., post-traumatic osteoarthritis in horses and back pain in horse riders). Furthermore, many risk factors-such as climate change and antimicrobial resistance-threaten the health of both horses and humans. Finally, the horse is a valuable factor in sustaining the health of humans and the environment, and must be incorporated in any roadmap to achieve OH. © 2020 by the authors. | animal assisted therapy; animal health; antibiotic resistance; Article; biodiversity; climate change; coevolution; disease transmission; domestication; environmental health; horse; human; leisure; non communicable disease; nonhuman; One Health; risk factor; socioeconomics; soil property |
| Wildlife conservation status and disease trends: ten years of reports to the Worldwide Monitoring System for Wild Animal Diseases; [Wildlife conservation status and disease trends: ten years of reports to the Worldwide Monitoring System for Wild Animal Diseases] | Disease is an increasingly recognised threat to wild animal populations and the conservation of endangered species. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Worldwide Monitoring System for Wild Animal Diseases (WAHIS-Wild) serves as the main global information portal for wildlife disease events, compiled via voluntary reporting by countries on non-OIE-listed diseases. The first decade of reports to WAHIS-Wild were analysed to identify trends and examine their relevance for conservation. Between 2008 and 2018, a total of 4,229 wildlife disease events were reported, with the majority from the European continent. When standardised for nomenclature changes, 54 unique previous or current non-OIE-listed diseases were reported. The most common disease events (collectively representing > 50% of reports) were chemical poisoning (12.5% of events reported), infection with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (11.9%), infection with Salmonella enterica (10.8%), infection with Pasteurella spp. (8.4%) and infection with Trichomonas spp. in birds and reptiles (7.5%). Reports indicated disease in 501 unique species, 19.2% of which are listed as endangered species based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, and 30.7% of which are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The findings suggest reporting gaps, including likely geographical area and other biases. More systematic reporting of wildlife disease and use of this information in biodiversity assessment and decision-making would result in better animal health and conservation coordination in a One Health context.; Les maladies constituent une menace dont l’importance sur les populations d’animaux sauvages et la conservation des espèces menacées est de plus en plus reconnue. Le Système mondial de suivi des maladies des animaux sauvages (WAHIS-Wild) de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) est le principal portail mondial d’information sur les événements sanitaires affectant la faune sauvage. Il s’appuie sur les informations notifiées de manière volontaire par les pays concernant les maladies non listées par l’OIE. Les auteurs présentent les résultats d’une analyse des rapports notifiés à WAHIS-Wild au cours de ses dix premières années d’existence réalisée dans le but de relever les tendances et d’examiner leur pertinence pour la conservation de la faune. Entre 2008 et 2018, au total 4 229 événements sanitaires affectant la faune sauvage ont été notifiés, dont la majorité par des pays européens. Une fois normalisées pour tenir compte de la nouvelle nomenclature, les notifications couvraient 54 maladies individuelles anciennes ou actuelles non listées par l’OIE. Les événements sanitaires les plus fréquents (représentant collectivement plus de 50 % des rapports) concernaient des intoxications par des agents chimiques (12,5 % des événements notifiés), des infections par des virus faiblement pathogènes de l’influenza aviaire (11,9 %), des infections à Salmonella enterica (10,8 %), des infections à Pasteurella spp. (8,4 %) et des infections à Trichomonas spp. chez les oiseaux et les reptiles (7,5 %). Les rapports rendaient compte de la présence de maladies chez 501 espèces, dont 19,2 % sont inscrites sur la Liste rouge des espèces menacées de l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) dans la catégorie des espèces menacées d’extinction, et dont 30,7 % sont protégées au titre de la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d’extinction (CITES). Les résultats de cette analyse laissent penser qu’il existe un déficit d’information, y compris par aires géographiques, parmi d’autres biais. Une notification plus systématique des maladies des animaux sauvages et le recours à ces informations lors des évaluations de la biodiversité et des prises de décision se traduiraient par une meilleure coordination entre la santé animale et la conservation de la faune, dans un contexte Une seule santé.; Cada vez está más aceptado que las enfermedades son una posible amenaza para las poblaciones de animales silvestres y la conservación de especies en peligro. El «Sistema mundial de seguimiento de las enfermedades de los animales salvajes» (WAHIS-Wild ) de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) constituye el más importante portal mundial de información sobre eventos de enfermedad en la fauna silvestre, compilada a partir de los informes que voluntariamente envían los países sobre enfermedades no incluidas en la lista de la OIE. En este estudio se analizaron las notificaciones recibidas durante el primer decenio de WAHIS-Wild con el objetivo de determinar tendencias y examinar su relevancia para la conservación. De 2008 a 2018, se notificaron en total 4.229 eventos de enfermedad en animales silvestres, la mayoría de ellos en el continente europeo. Las notificaciones, una vez uniformizada la nomenclatura para descartar sinonimias, cubrían 54 enfermedades anteriores o actuales no inscritas en la lista de la OIE. Las enfermedades más comunes (que en conjunto suponen más del 50% de los informes) fueron las intoxicaciones por productos químicos (un 12,5% de los episodios notificados), infecciones por virus de influenza aviar de baja patogenicidad (un 11,9%), infecciones por Salmonella enterica (un 10,8%), infección por Pasteurella spp. (un 8,4%) e infecciones de aves y reptiles por Trichomonas spp. (un 7,5%). Los informes dan cuenta de enfermedades en 501 especies distintas, de las cuales, el 19,2% están en riesgo de extinción según la Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN), y el 30,7% están protegidas por la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES). Los resultados sugieren la existencia de vacíos de información, como por ejemplo, por área geográfica, entre otros sesgos. Una notificación más sistemática de las enfermedades de los animales silvestres y un uso de esta información en evaluaciones de la biodiversidad y en la toma de decisiones permitiría una mayor coordinación en materia de sanidad y conservación, en un contexto de «Una sola salud». |
| Engaging with ‘One Health’ audiences | [No abstract available] | Humans; One Health; human; One Health |
| Influenza A, and Salmonella spp. in Backyard Poultry Eggs in Guatemala City | Influenza A and salmonellosis are two of the most relevant zoonotic infectious diseases. Influenza A is one of the main threats to public health worldwide and is considered one of the causative agents of pandemics. Salmonellosis, meanwhile, has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the four main causes of diarrheal diseases in the world. Poultry is an important source of both influenza A and Salmonella spp. but little is known about these potential threats in poultry products in Guatemala. The presence of influenza A virus antibodies and Salmonella spp. was studied in backyard poultry eggs sold in the El Guarda market in Guatemala City. 377 backyard poultry eggs were collected throughout seven months and sampled for hemagglutination inhibition test to determine the presence of antibodies to influenza virus A (H5N2 and H7N3) and cultured for Salmonella isolation. The eggs of chicken (Gallus gallus), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), quail (Coturnix coturnix), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) were sampled. Twenty-six percent of the eggs carried H5N2 antibodies, 27% carried H7N3 antibodies and 1.3% carried Salmonella spp. The presence of Escherichia coli inside the sampled eggs was an incidental common finding. These results suggest that backyard poultry eggs sold at markets could be a potential source of influenza A virus and Salmonella for the human population. The evidence found in the sampled eggs also shows that these potential pathogens are circulating in backyard poultry populations in Guatemala. © 2020. All Rights Reserved. |
| The holistic way of tackling the COVID-19 pandemic: The one health approach | The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is causing a global pandemic had a zoonotic origin in China. Considering the inter-connectedness between human, environment, and animal health, the One Health approach is the appropriate strategy to control and mitigate the effects of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This letter explains the benefits of the One Health approach and recommends specific measures that could be taken to accelerate the fight against COVID-19 and prevent the spread of newly emerging infectious diseases. © 2020 The Author(s). | Article; coronavirus disease 2019; decision making; disease control; disease transmission; human; infection prevention; information processing; knowledge; medical research; One Health; pandemic; risk reduction; wellbeing |
| Equid assessment, research and scoping (EARS): The development and implementation of a new equid welfare assessment and monitoring tool | The assessment of animal welfare poses numerous challenges, yet an emerging approach is the consolidation of existing knowledge into new frameworks which can offer standardised approaches to welfare assessment across a variety of contexts. Multiple tools exist for measuring the welfare of equids, but such tools have typically been developed for specific contexts. There is no ‘one size fits all’ which means that resulting datasets are generally non-comparable, creating a barrier to knowledge-sharing and collaboration between the many organisations working to improve equid welfare around the globe. To address this, we developed the Equid Assessment, Research and Scoping (EARS) tool, which incorporates pre-existing validated welfare assessment methods alongside new welfare indicators to deliver a larger and more comprehensive series of welfare indicators than currently exists, creating a single resource that can be used to assess equid welfare in any context. We field-trialled three welfare assessment protocols within the EARS tool, and applied these to welfare assessment of equids in a variety of contexts across nineteen countries. The EARS tool proved a useful, versatile and rapid method for collecting welfare assessment data and we collected 7464 welfare assessments in a period of fifteen months. We evaluate the EARS tool and provide ideas for future development. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | article; Equidae; nonhuman; welfare |
| COVID-19, Companion Animals, Comparative Medicine, and One Health | The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has stimulated open collaboration between different scientific and clinical disciplines like never before. Public and private partnerships continue to form in order to tackle this unprecedented global challenge. This paper highlights the importance of open collaboration and cooperation between the disciplines of medicine, veterinary medicine, and animal health sciences in the fight against COVID-19. Since the pandemic took the whole world by surprise, many existing drugs were rapidly repurposed and tested in COVID-19 clinical trials and some of the trials are revealing promising results, it is clear that the long-term solution will come in the form of vaccines. While vaccines are being developed, the antiviral agent Remdesivir (RDV, GS-5734) is being repurposed for use in human clinical trials but this is being done without acknowledging the significant efforts that went into development for treating cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a highly fatal immune-mediated vasculitis in cats which is caused by a feline coronavirus. There are many other antiviral drugs and immune modulating treatments that are currently being trialed that have animal health origins in terms of discovery and clinical development. Closer collaboration between the animal health and human health sectors is likely to accelerate progress in the fight against COVID-19. There is much that we do not yet know about COVID-19 and its causative agent SARS-CoV-2 but we will learn and progress much faster if we increase interdisciplinary collaboration and communication between human and animal health researchers and taking a genuine “One Health” approach to this and other emerging viral pathogens. Enhanced knowledge of zoonotic coronaviruses can significantly enhance our ability to fight current and future emerging coronaviruses. This article highlights the acute need for One Health and comparative medicine and the crucial importance of building on and recognizing veterinary research for addressing future human pandemics. © Copyright © 2020 Mobasheri. | remdesivir; Article; Canine coronavirus; cat; coronavirus disease 2019; drug repositioning; Feline coronavirus; feline infectious peritonitis; human; interdisciplinary communication; nonhuman; One Health; pandemic; pet animal; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; zoonosis |
| COVID-19 and veterinarians for one health, zoonotic- and reverse-zoonotic transmissions | A novel coronavirus emerged in human populations and spread rapidly to cause the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Although the origin of the associated virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) remains unclear, genetic evidence suggests that bats are a reservoir host of the virus, and pangolins are a probable intermediate. SARS-CoV-2 has crossed the species barrier to infect humans and other animal species, and infected humans can facilitate reverse-zoonotic transmission to animals. Considering the rapidly changing interconnections among people, animals, and ecosystems, traditional roles of veterinarians should evolve to include transdisciplinary roles. © 2020 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science. | Animals; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Host Specificity; Humans; One Health; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Veterinarians; Zoonoses; animal; Betacoronavirus; coronavirus disease 2019; Coronavirus infection; host range; human; isolation and purification; One Health; pandemic; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; veterinarian; virus pneumonia; zoonosis |
| Tracing mycobacterium ulcerans along an alimentary chain in Côte D’Ivoire: A one health perspective | Background Mycobacterium ulcerans is an environmental mycobacterium responsible for an opportunis-tic, noncontagious tropical infection named Buruli ulcer that necrotizes the skin and the sub-cutaneous tissues. M. ulcerans is thought to penetrate through breached skin after contact with contaminated wetland environments, yet the exact biotopes where M. ulcerans occurs remain elusive, hence obscuring the epidemiological chain of transmission of this opportu-nistic pathogen. Methodology/Principal findings Polymerase chain reaction investigations detected M. ulcerans in 39/46 (84.7%) rhizo-sphere specimens collected in 13 Buruli ulcer-endemic areas in Côte d’Ivoire and 3/20 (15%) specimens collected in a nonendemic area (P = 5.73.E-7); only 3/63 (4.7%) sediment specimens from sediment surrounding the rhizospheres were positive in endemic area (P = 6.51.E-12). High-throughput sequencing further detected three PCR-positive plants, Croton hirtus, Corton kongensis and Oriza sativa var. japonica (rice), in the rectal content of two M. ulcerans-positive wild Thryonomys swinderianus grasscutters that were hunted in Buruli ulcer-endemic areas, while no PCR-positive plants were detected in the rectal content of two negative control animals that were farmed in a nonendemic area. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest an alimentary chain of transmission of M. ulcerans from plants to T. swin-derianus grasscutters and people that utilize T. swinderianus as bush meat in Buruli ulcer-endemic areas in Côte d’Ivoire. Guidance to adopt protective measures and avoid any direct contact with potentially contaminated rhizospheres and with grasscutter intestinal content when preparing the animals for cooking should be established for at-risk populations. © 2020 Hammoudi et al. | Animals; Buruli Ulcer; Cote d’Ivoire; Croton; Feces; Geologic Sediments; Humans; Mycobacterium ulcerans; One Health; Poaceae; Rodentia; Zoonoses; internal transcribed spacer 2; Article; bacterial transmission; Buruli ulcer; centrifugation; CFU counting; controlled study; Cote d’Ivoire; DNA extraction; DNA sequence; electrophoresis; feces analysis; gene cluster; gene insertion; genomics; high throughput sequencing; illumina sequencing; livestock; maize; Mycobacterium ulcerans; nonhuman; plant root; prevalence; quality control; rat; real time polymerase chain reaction; rhizosphere; rice; subcutaneous tissue; thryonomys swinderianus; transillumination; wetland; animal; Buruli ulcer; classification; Cote d’Ivoire; Croton; feces; genetics; human; isolation and purification; microbiology; Mycobacterium ulcerans; One Health; physiology; Poaceae; rodent; sediment; zoonosis |
| One health and zoonotic uncertainty in Singapore and Australia: Examining different regimes of precaution in outbreak decision-making | A One Health approach holds great promise for attenuating the risk and burdens of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in both human and animal populations. Because the course and costs of EID outbreaks are difficult to predict, One Health policies must deal with scientific uncertainty, whilst addressing the political, economic and ethical dimensions of communication and intervention strategies. Drawing on the outcomes of parallel Delphi surveys conducted with policymakers in Singapore and Australia, we explore the normative dimensions of two different precautionary approaches to EID decision-making-which we call regimes of risk management and organizing uncertainty, respectively. The imperative to act cautiously can be seen as either an epistemic rule or as a decision rule, which has implications for how EID uncertainty is managed. The normative features of each regime, and their implications for One Health approaches to infectious disease risks and outbreaks, are described. As One Health attempts to move upstream to prevent rather than react to emergence of EIDs in humans, we show how the approaches to uncertainty, taken by experts and decision-makers, and their choices about the content and quality of evidence, have implications for who pays the price of precaution, and, thereby, social and global justice. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press. Available online at www.phe.oxfordjournals.org | act; Article; Australia; decision making; health care policy; human; One Health; priority journal; risk factor; risk management; Singapore; zoonosis |
| Effects of proximity between companion dogs and their caregivers on heart rate variability measures in older adults: A pilot study | Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive tool used to evaluate autonomic nervous system function and is affected by age, stress, postural changes, and physical activity. Dog ownership has been associated with higher 24-hr HRV and increased physical activity compared to nonowners. The current pilot study was designed to evaluate the effects of proximity to a dog in real time (minute-by-minute) on older dog caregivers’ HRV measures and stress index during normal daily life over a 24-hr period. Eleven caregivers (56–83 years of age) wore ActiGraph GT9X Link accelerometers and camntech electrocardiogram monitors, and 11 dogs wore PetPace Collars and ActiGraph monitors to determine (a) proximity (absence or presence of Received Signal Strength Indicator, RSSI), (b) heart rate and HRV measures, (c) position (lying vs. sitting vs. standing), and (d) physical activity in the 11 dyads. Twenty-four hour HRV (SDNN index) and physical activity in the caregivers and dogs were related. Stress index was lower, and HRV parameters (SDNN, rMSDD, high frequency power (HF)) were higher when an RSSI signal was detected (presence of dog) compared to no RSSI signal (absence of dog) in the caregivers while inactive (lying + sitting + standing combined). HRV parameters (rMSDD and HF) were lower in the caregivers while standing and sitting compared to lying. The results from this pilot study support the hypothesis that spending time in the presence of a companion dog increases caregivers’ HRV throughout the day and suggest that proximity to a dog may contribute to overall improvements in 24-hr HRV and cardiac health in dog caregivers. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Caregivers; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Canis familiaris; canid; cardiovascular disease; elderly care; elderly population; health care; health worker; physical activity; adult; aged; Article; caregiver; controlled study; daily life activity; dog; female; heart rate; heart rate variability; human; human experiment; male; nonhuman; normal human; physical activity; pilot study; sitting; standing; stress; stress index; supine position; animal; dog; electrocardiography; middle aged; very elderly |
| The landscape of anthrax prevention and control: Stakeholders’ perceptive in Odisha, India | The prevalence and outbreaks of anthrax are interlinkedwith the animal-environment-human context, which signifies the need for collaborative, trans-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approaches for the prevention and control of anthrax. In India, there are hardly any shreds of evidence on the role of various stakeholders’ on anthrax prevention and control. Therefore, this study addressed the experiences of various stakeholders on anthrax prevention and control strategies in Odisha, India. A qualitative explorative study was carried out using 42 in-depth-interviews among the stakeholders from health, veterinary and general administrative departments from the block, district, and state level. Two major themes emerged: (1) Epidemiological investigation of anthrax in Odisha, India, and (2) Biological and social prevention strategies for anthrax in Odisha, India. The study emphasizes setting up the surveillance system as per standard guideline, and strengthening the diagnostic facility at a regional medical college laboratory to avoid delay. Moreover, it emphasizes step-up inter-sectoral co-ordination, collaboration and sensitization among health, veterinary, forestry, education, nutrition and tribal welfare departments at all levels in order to reduce the prevalence and control the outbreaks of anthrax in Odisha state. It also recommends raising community literacy, in particular on safe carcass disposal, changing behavior on dead-livestock consumption, and compliance with livestock vaccinations. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Animals; Anthrax; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; India; Livestock; Qualitative Research; India; Odisha; Animalia; anthrax; disease control; epidemiology; perception; stakeholder; strategic approach; anthrax; Article; behavior change; controlled study; epidemic; health literacy; human; India; infection control; infection prevention; livestock; nonhuman; practice guideline; prevalence; qualitative research; stakeholder engagement; animal; epidemic; veterinary medicine |
| The COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control | A pneumonia outbreak with unknown etiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019, associated with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. The causative agent of the outbreak was identified by the WHO as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), producing the disease named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The virus is closely related (96.3%) to bat coronavirus RaTG13, based on phylogenetic analysis. Human-to-human transmission has been confirmed even from asymptomatic carriers. The virus has spread to at least 200 countries, and more than 1,700,000 confirmed cases and 111,600 deaths have been recorded, with massive global increases in the number of cases daily. Therefore, the WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The disease is characterized by fever, dry cough, and chest pain with pneumonia in severe cases. In the beginning, the world public health authorities tried to eradicate the disease in China through quarantine but are now transitioning to prevention strategies worldwide to delay its spread. To date, there are no available vaccines or specific therapeutic drugs to treat the virus. There are many knowledge gaps about the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, leading to misinformation. Therefore, in this review, we provide recent information about the COVID-19 pandemic. This review also provides insights for the control of pathogenic infections in humans such as SARS-CoV-2 infection and future spillovers. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | arbidol; chloroquine; cobicistat plus darunavir; coronavirus spike glycoprotein; envelope protein; favipiravir; ivermectin; lopinavir plus ritonavir; matrix protein; methylprednisolone; nucleocapsid protein; oseltamivir; remdesivir; ritonavir; Article; artificial intelligence; coronavirus disease 2019; disease control; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; evolution; fecal microbiota transplantation; genetic variability; human; immunofluorescence test; infection control; nonhuman; pandemic; phylogeny; public health; real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; risk factor; sequence alignment; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; taxonomy; thorax radiography; vaccination; virus classification; virus detection; virus mutation; virus pneumonia; virus transmission; virus virulence; whole genome sequencing |
| Zoonotic diseases: Etiology, impact, and control | Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
| Staphylococcus nepalensis, a commensal of the oral microbiota of domestic cats, is a reservoir of transferrable antimicrobial resistance | Staphylococcus nepalensis is a commensal bacterium from the oral microbiota of domestic cats, with a still obscure clinical importance. In this work, we analysed the ability of feline strains of S. nepalensis to transfer antimicrobial resistance genes to Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans through plasmids. To this end, we first analysed all publicly available genomes from cat staphylococci using computational methods to build a pan-resistome. Genes that encode resistance to erythromycin, gentamicin, mupirocin and tetracycline, common to human and cat staphylococci and previously described to be located in mobile genetic elements, were chosen for the next analyses. We studied 15 strains of S. nepalensis, which were shown to be genetically different by GTG5-PCR. As observed by disc diffusion, resistance to tetracycline was wide-spread (80%), followed by resistance to erythromycin (40%), gentamicin (27%) and mupirocin (7%). The strains were posi-tive for several antimicrobial resistance genes and more than half of them harboured plasmids. The loss of plasmids and resistance genes in some strains were induced by stress with SDS. Through conjugation experiments, we observed that these plasmids can be transferred to S. aureus, thus increasing its potential to resist drug therapy. Our findings show that S. nepalensis, an underestimated inhabitant of the cat microbiota, can be a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes for S. aureus and, like many other staphylococci, be an overlooked and silent threat to their animal hosts and humans living with them. © 2020 The Authors. | Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cats; Disease Reservoirs; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; beta lactam antibiotic; erythromycin; genomic DNA; gentamicin; macrolide; novobiocin; pseudomonic acid; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; rifampicin; tetracycline; antiinfective agent; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial cell; bacterial genome; bacterium culture; controlled study; DNA extraction; domestic cat; erythromycin resistance; genetic variability; gentamicin resistance; mouth flora; nonhuman; priority journal; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus nepalensis; temperature stress; tetracycline resistance; animal; antibiotic resistance; bacterial gene; cat; disease carrier; domestic animal; drug effect; genetic variation; genetics; horizontal gene transfer; isolation and purification; microbial sensitivity test; microbiology; physiology; plasmid; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus infection; veterinary medicine |
| Molecular basis of COVID-19 relationships in different species: a one health perspective | Outside the Hubei province, China, the mild form of infection and the progressive recover of the COVID-19 patients suggest the intervention of “unconventional” biological mechanisms worthy of attention. Based on the high-homology between the Spike protein epitopes of taxonomically-related coronaviruses, we hypothesized that past contact with infected dogs shield humans against the circulating SARS-CoV-2. Elseways, the recurrent virus exposure over a short time-lapse might result in the Antibody Dependent Enhancement, triggering the violent immune reaction responsible for the severe clinical outcomes observed in the Hubei province. Nevertheless, further experimental studies are desired for a confidential evaluation of the postulated hypotheses. © 2020 Institut Pasteur | Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement; Antigens, Viral; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Epitopes; Humans; Immunity; One Health; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Viral Tropism; angiotensin converting enzyme 2; epitope; virus spike protein; coronavirus spike glycoprotein; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2; virus antigen; amino acid sequence; antibody dependent enhancement; Article; Bovine coronavirus; Canine coronavirus; China; coronavirus disease 2019; dog disease; human; hydrophilicity; immunity; nonhuman; priority journal; protein secondary structure; sequence homology; species diversity; time-lapse microscopy; virus genome; virus particle; virus transmission; animal; Betacoronavirus; chemistry; classification; Coronavirus infection; dog; immunology; One Health; pandemic; physiology; sequence alignment; veterinary medicine; viral tropism; virology; virus pneumonia |
| Costs and effectiveness of alternative dog vaccination strategies to improve dog population coverage in rural and urban settings during a rabies outbreak | Dog-rabies elimination programs have typically relied upon parenteral vaccination at central-point locations; however, dog-ownership practices, accessibility to hard-to-reach sub-populations, resource limitations, and logistics may impact a country’s ability to reach the 70% coverage goal recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and World Health Organization (WHO). Here we report the cost-effectiveness of different dog-vaccination strategies during a dog-rabies outbreak in urban and peri-urban sections of Croix-des-Bouquets commune of the West Department, Haiti, in 2016. Three strategies, mobile static point (MSP), mobile static point with capture-vaccinate-release (MSP + CVR), and door-to-door vaccination with oral vaccination (DDV + ORV), were applied at five randomly assigned sites and assessed for free-roaming dog vaccination coverage and total population coverage. A total of 7065 dogs were vaccinated against rabies during the vaccination campaign. Overall, free-roaming dog vaccination coverage was estimated at 52% (47%-56%) for MSP, 53% (47%-60%) for DDV + ORV, and 65% (61%-69%) for MSP + CVR (differences with MSP and DDV + ORV significant at p < 0.01). Total dog vaccination coverage was 33% (95% CI: 26%-43%) for MSP, 49% (95% CI: 40%-61%) for MSP + CVR and 78% (77%-80%) for DDV + ORV (differences significant at p < 0.001). Overall, the least expensive campaign was MSP, with an estimated cost of about $2039 per day ($4078 total), and the most expensive was DDV + ORV with a cost of $3246 per day ($6492 total). Despite the relative high cost of an ORV bait, combining DDV and ORV was the most cost-effective strategy in our study ($1.97 per vaccinated dog), largely due to increased efficiency of the vaccinators to target less accessible dogs. Costs per vaccinated dog were $2.20 for MSP and $2.28 for MSP + CVR. We hope the results from this study will support the design and implementation of effective dog vaccination campaigns to achieve the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030. © 2020 The Author(s) | Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Haiti; Humans; Mass Vaccination; Rabies; Rabies Vaccines; Vaccination; rabies vaccine; Article; capture vaccinate release vaccination; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; dog; door to door vaccination; Haiti; health care cost; human; mobile static point vaccination; nonhuman; oral rabies vaccination; priority journal; public health campaign; rabies; rural area; urban area; vaccination; vaccination coverage; animal; dog disease; epidemic; mass immunization; rabies; vaccination; veterinary medicine |
| Extended-spectrum beta -lactamase (ESBL)-producing Eschericia coli from livestock | Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) are enzymes produced in Gram negative bacterial plasmids that already have resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most common ESBL-producing bacteria and are often detected as the cause of urinary tract infections, pneumonia and sepsis. ESBL-producing bacteria are generally known as infectious agents and considered as nosocomial pathogens. In the last decade the existence of livestock as animals transmitting and spreading ESBL has become a potential issue of new threats to humans. In this study, we describe the nature of ESBL, ESBL which produces type E. coli from livestock, factors that influence ESBL, transmission to human health, epidemiology of ESBL that produces E. coli in a global view, ESBL treatment, and ESBL control. Livestock provide animal protein in the form of meat and milk that are included in the global supply chain of trade and food. Feces animal waste production is a potential source of contaminants for the possible spread of ESBL bacteria to humans and the environment. ESBL treatment in humans is still very limited so preventing the spread of infection through the one health principle approach is the best way that can be done. © 2020 EManuscript Technologies. All rights reserved. | animal protein; antibiotic agent; extended spectrum beta lactamase; meat protein; milk protein; antibiotic therapy; Article; bacterial transmission; comparative study; Escherichia coli infection; extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Escherichia coli; feces; health hazard; human; infection control; livestock; nonhuman; priority journal |
| Pediatric patient portal use in one health system | Objective: The study sought to assess, for children in one large health system, (1) characteristics of active users of the patient portal (≥1 use in prior 12 months), (2) portal use by adolescents, and (3) variations in pediatric patient portal use. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from the electronic health record regarding pediatric portal use during 2017-2018 across a health system (39 871 pediatric patients). Results: Altogether, 63.5% of pediatric patients were active portal users. Children (proxies) who were boys, privately insured, white, and spoke English were more likely to be active users. Common uses involved messaging with physicians, medications, allergies, letters, and laboratory results. By 15 years of age, >50% of adolescents used the portal by themselves (without a proxy). Pediatric portal use varied widely across practices. Discussion: Pediatric or adolescent portal use is quite high, but large variations exist. Conclusion: Use of the portal for pediatric care may reflect varying pediatric patient engagement. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association. All rights reserved. | Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Patient Portals; Pediatrics; Proxy; Article; California; Caucasian; child; child care; clinical practice; demography; electronic health record; English (language); female; health care access; health insurance; human; male; mass communication; medical informatics; One Health; pediatric patient; physician; primary medical care; proxy; school child; adolescent; medical record; pediatrics |
| Community-based prevention of epidemic Rocky Mountain spotted fever among minority populations in Sonora, Mexico, using a One Health approach | Background: Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a significant public health problem in Sonora, Mexico, resulting in thousands of cases and hundreds of deaths. Outbreaks of RMSF are perpetuated by heavy brown dog tick infestations in and around homes. During 2009-2015, there were 61 RMSF cases and 23 deaths in a single community of Sonora (Community A). Methods: An integrated intervention was carried out from March-November 2016 aimed at reducing tick populations with long-acting acaricidal collars on dogs, environmental acaricides applied to peri-domestic areas and RMSF education. Tick levels were measured by inspection of community dogs to monitor efficacy of the intervention. A similar neighborhood (Community B) was selected for comparison and received standard care (acaricide treatment and education). Results: The prevalence of tick-infested dogs in Community A declined from 32.5% to 8.8% (p<0.01). No new cases of RMSF were identified in this area during the subsequent 18 mo. By comparison, the percentage of tick-infested dogs in Community B decreased from 19% to 13.4% (p=0.36) and two cases were reported, including one death. Conclusions: Community-based interventions using an integrated approach to control brown dog ticks can diminish the morbidity and mortality attributable to RMSF. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. | Animals; Dogs; Epidemics; Mexico; One Health; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; acaricide; deltamethrin; adult; Article; attributable risk; community care; controlled study; dog; eosinophilia; epidemic; female; health education; human; infection prevention; male; Mexico; minority group; morbidity; mortality; neighborhood; nonhuman; One Health; participatory research; prevalence; risk reduction; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick infestation; animal; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
| One health in regenerative medicine: Report on the second Havemeyer symposium on regenerative medicine in horses | Regenerative medicine is commonly used in human and equine athletes. Potential therapies include culture expanded stem cells, stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow concentrate, or autologous conditioned serum. The purpose of this manuscript is to disseminate findings from a workshop on the development of translational regenerative medicine in the equine field. Five themes emerged: stem cell characterization and tenogenic differentiation; interactions between mesenchymal stem cells, other cells and the environment; scaffolds and cell packaging; blood- and bone marrow-based regenerative medicines; clinical use of regenerative therapies. Evidence gained through the use of regenerative medicine applications in the horse should continue to translate to the human patient, bringing novel regenerative therapies to both humans and horses. © 2020 Future Medicine Ltd. | Animals; Cell Differentiation; Congresses as Topic; Horse Diseases; Horses; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; One Health; Regenerative Medicine; gelatin; gelatin methacryloyl; lactone derivative; major histocompatibility antigen; polycaprilactone; unclassified drug; adipose tissue; allogeneic stem cell transplantation; antigen expression; antigen recognition; Article; bone marrow biopsy; bone regeneration; bone tissue; cell activity; cell death; cell differentiation; cell encapsulation; cell growth; cell interaction; cell viability; clinical effectiveness; conceptual framework; freeze drying; horse disease; human; immune response; immunomodulation; in vitro study; mesenchymal stem cell; mesenchymal stem cell transplantation; muscle regeneration; muscle tissue; musculoskeletal disease; nonhuman; paracrine signaling; priority journal; procedures concerning cells; regenerative medicine; stem cell expansion; target cell; thrombocyte function; thrombocyte rich plasma; tissue regeneration; animal; cytology; horse; horse disease; One Health; organization; procedures |
| One Health: The global challenge of Clostridium difficile infection | The One Health concept recognises that the health of humans is interconnected to the health of animals and the environment. It encourages multidisciplinary communication and collaboration with the aim of enhancing surveillance and research and developing integrative policy frameworks. Clostridium difficile (also known as Clostridioides difficile) infection (CDI) has long been viewed as a hospital-associated (HA) enteric disease mainly linked to the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials that cause dysbiosis in the gut and loss of ‘colonisation resistance’. However, since the early 2000s, the rate of communityassociated CDI (CA-CDI) has increased to ∼15% in Europe, ∼30% in Australia and ∼40% in the USA in populations often without obvious risk factors. Since the 1990s, it has become apparent that food animals are now a major reservoir and amplification host for C. difficile, including lineages of clinical importance. Cephalosporin antimicrobials, to which C. difficile is intrinsically resistant, were licensed for animal use in North America in 1990. By the second decade of the 21st century, there were reports of C. difficile contamination of food and the environment in general. Using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and high-resolution typing, C. difficile isolates from humans, animals, food and the environment were proven to be genetically closely related and, in some cases, indistinguishable. This suggests possible zoonoses and/or anthroponoses, with contaminated food and the environment acting as the conduit for transmission between animals and humans. This paper summarises the key evidence that demonstrates the One Health importance of C. difficile. © 2020 CSIRO. All rights reserved. | Article; asymptomatic infection; bacterial transmission; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium difficile infection; community; disease carrier; global health; human; nonhuman; One Health; public health problem |
| Antimicrobial resistance pattern in domestic animal – Wildlife – environmental niche via the food chain to humans with a Bangladesh perspective; A systematic review | Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern globally, but the impact is very deleterious in the context of Bangladesh. Recent review article on the AMR issue demonstrates the scenario in human medicine; unfortunately, no attempt was taken to address this as One Health issue. The antimicrobial resistance bacteria or genes are circulating in the fragile ecosystems and disseminate into human food chain through direct or indirect ways. In this systematic review we are exploring the mechanism or the process of development of resistance pathogen into human food chain via the domestic animal, wildlife and environmental sources in the context of One Health and future recommendation to mitigate this issue in Bangladesh. Results: Tetracycline resistance genes were presenting in almost all sample sources in higher concentrations against enteric pathogen Escherichia coli. The second most significant antibiotics are amino-penicillin that showed resistant pattern across different source of samples. It is a matter of concerns that cephalosporin tends to acquire resistance in wildlife species that might be an indication of this antibiotic resistance gene or the pathogen been circulating in our surrounding environment though the mechanism is still unclear. Conclusions: Steps to control antibiotic release and environmental disposal from all uses should be immediate and obligatory. There is a need for detailed system biology analysis of resistance development in-situ. © 2020 The Author(s). | Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bangladesh; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Food Chain; Humans; One Health; Salmonella; aminopenicillin; cephalosporin; tetracycline; antiinfective agent; Actinobacillus; antibiotic resistance; Article; Bangladesh; Campylobacter; domestic animal; ecological niche; Escherichia coli; food chain; health program; human; Klebsiella; nonhuman; poultry farming; Salmonella; Staphylococcus; systematic review; Vibrio; wildlife; animal; antibiotic resistance; domestic animal; drug effect; genetics; microbiology; One Health; wild animal |
| Toxins and mobile antimicrobial resistance genes in Bacillus probiotics constitute a potential risk for One Health | Probiotic microbes conferring health benefits to the hosts have attracted great attention. However, the safety of probiotics is not guaranteed, although the increasing widespread use of probiotics with excellent overall safety records. Here, we performed a systematic evaluation of the safety of commercial Bacillus probiotics intended for usage in humans, animals, plants, aquaculture and environment in China. Nearly half of the 65 isolated Bacillus spp. strains from these commercial probiotic products were capable of producing hazardous toxins. Infections with the representative isolates could cause sepsis, intestinal inflammation and liver injury in different mouse models. Additionally, these isolates harbor multiple antimicrobial resistance genes coupled with mobile genetic elements. Collectively, the capability for producing various toxins and harboring mobile antimicrobial resistance genes in Bacillus probiotics indicates a potential risk for One Health. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. | Animals; Bacillus; Bacterial Toxins; Cell Line; Chlorocebus aethiops; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Liver Diseases; Lung Injury; Male; Mice; One Health; Probiotics; Risk Assessment; Sepsis; Animalia; Bacilli; Bacteriology; Genes; Health; Health risks; Microorganisms; Toxic materials; bacterial toxin; probiotic agent; virulence factor; bacterial toxin; probiotic agent; Antimicrobial resistances; Aquaculture and environments; Genetic elements; Intestinal inflammation; Potential risks; Probiotic products; Systematic evaluation; Toxins; antibiotic resistance; antimicrobial activity; aquaculture; bacterium; gene expression; health risk; injury; probiotics; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antibiotic resistance; Article; Bacillus; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus subtilis; bacterial gene; bioinformatics; controlled study; drug safety; enteritis; female; health hazard; in vivo study; liver injury; male; minimum inhibitory concentration; mouse; nonhuman; One Health; risk assessment; sepsis; animal; antibiotic resistance; bacterial gene; cell line; Chlorocebus aethiops; genetics; human; liver disease; lung injury; metabolism; One Health; Probiotics |
| Prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum-β- lactamase-producing and carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae from freshwater fish and pork in wet markets of Hong Kong | This study identified and characterized extended-spectrum-β-lactamaseproducing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) from farmed freshwater fish and pig offal procured from the wet markets across Hong Kong. During March 2018 to January 2019, 730 food animal samples, namely, 213 snakehead fish, 198 black carp, and 339 pig organs, were examined. ESBL-E and CPE were isolated from the homogenized samples plated on selective media and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). All ESBL-E and CPE strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities. ESBL-E and CPE gene groups were detected by multiplex PCR and blaCTX-M-1/-2/-9 group strains were Sanger sequenced for CTX-M types. All CPE isolates were whole-genome sequenced. Isolation of ESBL-E from pig small (52.4%) and large (50%) intestines and tongues (25.1%) was significantly (P < 0.05) more frequent than from snakehead (0.94%) and black carp (0.5%) fish. ESBL-E isolates (n = 171) revealed resistance rates of 16.3%, 29.8%, 35.6%, 53.2%, 55.0%, and 100% to piperacillin-tazobactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefepime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin, respectively, whereas CPE (n = 28) were resistant to almost all the antibiotics tested except gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and fosfomycin. The predominant ESBL gene groups in fishes and pig offals were blaCTX, where blaCTX-M-55 was the major subtype in the blaCTX-M-1 group (64.4% of isolates in the group). blaCTX-M-14/-17 was the major genotype in the blaCTX-M-9 group (32.2%). All CPE strains possessed blaNDM genes. High rates of ESBL-E and CPE were identified in food animals from wet markets of Hong Kong, which may serve as a potential reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes and increase the challenges in tackling antimicrobial resistance beyond health care settings. © 2020 Sapugahawatte et al. | Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Farms; Fishes; Food Microbiology; Fresh Water; Genotype; Hong Kong; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pork Meat; Prevalence; Seafood; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Swine; Whole Genome Sequencing; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; ampicillin; beta lactamase CTX; beta lactamase CTX M; beta lactamase CTX M 1; beta lactamase CTX M 14; beta lactamase CTX M 17; beta lactamase CTX M 2; beta lactamase CTX M 9; cefepime; cefotaxime; ceftriaxone; ciprofloxacin; extended spectrum beta lactamase; fosfomycin; gentamicin; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin plus tazobactam; unclassified drug; antiinfective agent; bacterial protein; beta lactamase; carbapenemase; fresh water; animal tissue; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; bacterial genetics; bacterial strain; bacterium identification; bacterium isolate; black carp; carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae; carp; commercial phenomena; controlled study; disk diffusion; extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae; freshwater fish; genotype; Hong Kong; large intestine; matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; multiplex polymerase chain reaction; nonhuman; pig farming; pisciculture; pork; prevalence; Sanger sequencing; small intestine; snakehead (fish); tongue; wet market; whole genome sequencing; agricultural land; animal; carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; drug effect; epidemiology; fish; food control; genetics; isolation and purification; matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry; microbial sensitivity test; microbiology; multidrug resistance; pig; sea food |
| What role for One Health in the COVID-19 pandemic? | This commentary discusses the contributions that One Health (OH) principles can make in improving the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We highlight four areas where the application of OH has the potential to significantly improve the governance of infectious diseases in general, and of COVID-19 in particular. First, more integrated surveillance infrastructure and monitoring of the occurrence of infectious diseases in both humans and animals can facilitate the detection of new infectious agents sharing similar genotypes across species and the monitoring of the spatio-temporal spread of such infections. This knowledge can guide public and animal health officials in their response measures. Second, application of the OH approach can improve coordination and active collaboration among stakeholders representing apparently incompatible domains. Third, the OH approach highlights the need for an effective institutional landscape, facilitating adequate regulation of hotspots for transmission of infectious agents among animals and humans, such as live animal markets. And finally, OH thinking emphasizes the need for equitable solutions to infectious disease challenges, suggesting that policy response mechanisms and interventions need to be reflective of the disproportionate disease burdens borne by vulnerable and marginalized populations, or by persons providing health care and other essential services to those sick. © 2020, The Canadian Public Health Association. | Animals; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; One Health; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; animal; Coronavirus infection; human; One Health; pandemic; virus pneumonia |
| Classical swine fever: challenges for the emerging swine sector in Bhutan | Given the importance of pork in the Bhutanese diet and to enhance food security, the Government of Bhutan has generated policies to promote development of the swine sector in the country. One of the main threats to swine farming is classical swine fever (CSF), a transboundary disease of wild and domestic swine thought to be enzootic in the country. In 2018, three outbreaks of CSF were notified in Bhutan. The type of animals, their vaccine status, and the aftermath of these outbreaks highlight the interplay of epidemiological and context-specific factors that may result in CSF undermining the emerging Bhutanese swine sector. This communication reports on the CSF outbreaks of 2018, discusses some of the challenges posed by these events, and proposes some research priorities. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V. | Agriculture; Animals; Bhutan; Classical Swine Fever; Classical Swine Fever Virus; Disease Outbreaks; Farms; Food Supply; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Vaccines; virus vaccine; agricultural land; agriculture; animal; Bhutan; catering service; classical swine fever; Classical swine fever virus; epidemic; pig; swine disease; veterinary medicine |
| An Environmental Escherichia coli Strain Is Naturally Competent to Acquire Exogenous DNA | The diffusion of antibiotic resistance determinants in different environments, e.g., soil and water, has become a public concern for global health and food safety and many efforts are currently devoted to clarify this complex ecological and evolutionary issue. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has an important role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, among the different HGT mechanisms, the capacity of environmental bacteria to acquire naked exogenous DNA by natural competence is still poorly investigated. This study aimed to characterize the ability of the environmental Escherichia coli strain ED1, isolated from the crustacean Daphnia sp., to acquire exogenous DNA by natural competence. Transformation experiments were carried out varying different parameters, i.e., cell growth phase, amount of exogenous DNA and exposition to artificial lake water (ALW) and treated wastewater to mimic environmental-like conditions that may be encountered in the agri-food system. Results were compared with those showed by the laboratory E. coli strain DH5α. Our experimental data, supported by genomic sequencing, showed that, when exposed to pure water, ED1 strain was able to acquire exogenous DNA with frequencies (10–8–10–9) statistically higher than the ones observed for DH5α strain (10–10). Interestingly, higher values were retrieved for ED1 than DH5α strains exposed to ALW (10–7 vs. 10–9, respectively) or treated wastewater (10–8 vs. 10–10, respectively). We tested, therefore, ED1 strain ability to colonize the rhizosphere of lettuce, a model plant representative of raw-consumed vegetables of high economic importance in the ready-to-eat food industry. Results showed that ED1 strain was able to efficiently colonize lettuce rhizosphere, revealing a stable colonization for 14 days-long period. In conclusion, ED1 strain ability to acquire exogenous DNA in environmental-like conditions by natural competence, combined with its ability to efficiently and stably colonize plant rhizosphere, poses the attention to food and human safety showing a possible route of diffusion of antibiotic resistance in the agri-food system, sustaining the “One Health” warnings related to the antibiotic spread. © Copyright © 2020 Riva, Riva, Eckert, Colinas, Di Cesare, Borin, Mapelli and Crotti. | aldehyde dehydrogenase; ampicillin; antibiotic agent; genomic DNA; glutamate decarboxylase; rifampicin; virulence factor; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial colonization; bacterial gene; bacterial growth; bacterial strain; bacterial virulence; bacterium adherence; bacterium contamination; bacterium isolation; bacterium transformation; biosynthesis; cell growth; colony forming unit; controlled study; DNA damage; DNA extraction; enteroaggregative Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli; food safety; gene frequency; gene sequence; genome analysis; metabolic analysis; microbial community; multilocus sequence typing; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; rhizocompetence; rhizosphere; sequence analysis; waste water; whole genome sequencing |
| Ouch! A cross-sectional study investigating self-reported human exposure to dog bites in rural and urban households in southern Ontario, Canada | This study investigated self-reported dog bites in humans in rural and urban households in southern Ontario, Canada. Our objectives were to determine, and compare, the incidence of dog bites in rural and urban households, and to describe the profile of bite victims, biting dogs, and the proportion of biting dogs that respondents self-reported as being not up to date on rabies vaccination. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using an online questionnaire. The 2,006 respondents, each representing one household, included 1,002 rural and 1,004 urban residences. The incidence risk of at least one person in the household being bitten over the previous year in rural households (6.09% per year) was less than in urban households (10.76% per year). In 53.20% of households from which at least one person had been bitten within the past year, only a single person had been bitten. Mostly, victims were 25 to 34 years old (21.67%), male (54.19%), and playing with or interacting with the biting dog at the time of the incident (59.11%). Most biting dogs were 3 to 5 years old (32.02%), males (53.69%), and unleashed (76.85%). Based on self-reporting by respondents, 83.33% of respondent-owned biting dogs were vaccinated against rabies at the time of the biting incident. Irrespective of dog ownership, the odds of an individual in a rural household being bitten by a dog were 0.53 (95% CI: 0.38–0.73) the odds for an individual in an urban household. Dog bites constitute a serious, yet preventable, public health concern that requires targeted, community-specific efforts. Public health organizations could consider findings in developing messaging, particularly as we highlight biting dogs reported by their owners as not up to date on rabies vaccination. © 2020 Blackwell Verlag GmbH | Adult; Animals; Bites and Stings; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Male; Ontario; Rabies; Rabies Vaccines; Rural Population; Urban Population; rabies vaccine; rabies vaccine; adult; age; aged; Article; comparative study; cross-sectional study; dog bite; female; gender; household; human; human-animal bond; incidence; major clinical study; male; middle aged; observational study; Ontario; priority journal; questionnaire; rabies; rural area; rural population; self report; urban area; urban population; urban rural difference; vaccination; victim; young adult; animal; bites and stings; dog; dog disease; family size; immunology; rabies; rural population; urban population; veterinary medicine |
| The challenges of investigating antimicrobial resistance in Vietnam – What benefits does a One Health approach offer the animal and human health sectors? | Background: The One Health concept promotes the enhancement of human, animal and ecosystem health through multi-sectorial governance support and policies to combat health security threats. In Vietnam, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal and human health settings poses a significant threat, but one that could be minimised by adopting a One Health approach to AMR surveillance. To advance understanding of the willingness and abilities of the human and animal health sectors to undertake investigations of AMR with a One Health approach, we explored the perceptions and experiences of those tasked with investigating AMR in Vietnam, and the benefits a multi-sectorial approach offers. Methods: This study used qualitative methodology to provide key informants’ perspectives from the animal and human health sectors. Two scenarios of food-borne AMR bacteria found within the pork value chain were used as case studies to investigate challenges and opportunities for improving collaboration across different stakeholders and to understand benefits offered by a One Health approach surveillance system. Fifteen semi-structured interviews with 11 participants from the animal and six from the human health sectors at the central level in Hanoi and the provincial level in Thai Nguyen were conducted. Results: Eight themes emerged from the transcripts of the interviews. From the participants perspectives on the benefits of a One Health approach: (1) Communication and multi-sectorial collaboration; (2) Building comprehensive knowledge; (3) Improving likelihood of success. Five themes emerged from participants views of the challenges to investigate AMR: (4) Diagnostic capacity; (5) Availability and access to antibiotics (6) Tracing ability within the Vietnamese food chain; (7) Personal benefits and (8) Managing the system. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that there is potential to strengthen multi-sectorial collaboration between the animal and human health sectors by building upon existing informal networks. Based on these results, we recommend an inclusive approach to multi-sectorial communication supported by government network activities to facilitate partnerships and create cross-disciplinary awareness and participation. The themes relating to diagnostic capacity show that both sectors are facing challenges to undertake investigations in AMR. Our results indicate that the need to strengthen the animal health sector is more pronounced. © 2020 The Author(s). | Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Health Care Sector; Humans; Male; One Health; Qualitative Research; Veterinary Medicine; Vietnam; antiinfective agent; animal; antibiotic resistance; female; health care cost; human; male; One Health; organization and management; qualitative research; veterinary medicine; Viet Nam |
| Seroepidemiological and molecular investigation of spotted fever group rickettsiae and Coxiella burnetii in Sao Tome Island: A One Health approach | Spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) and Coxiella burnetii are intracellular bacteria that cause potentially life-threatening tick-borne rickettsioses and Q fever respectively. Sao Tome and Principe (STP), small islands located in the Gulf of Guinea, recently experienced a dramatic reduction in the incidence of malaria owing to international collaborative efforts. However, unexplained febrile illnesses persist. A One Health approach was adopted to investigate exposure to SFGR and C. burnetii in humans and examine the diversity of these bacteria in ticks parasitizing domestic ruminants. A cross-sectional human serological study was conducted in Agua Grande district in Sao Tome Island from January to March 2016, and ticks were collected from farmed domestic ruminants in 2012 and 2016. In total, 240 individuals varying in age were randomly screened for exposure to SFGR and C. burnetii by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Twenty of 240 individuals (8.3%) were seropositive for SFGR (4 for Rickettsia africae and 16 for R. conorii) and 16 (6.7%) were seropositive for C. burnetii. Amblyomma astrion were collected exclusively in 2012, as were A. variegatum in 2016 and Rickettsia spp. were detected in 22/42 (52.4%) and 49/60 (81.7%) respectively. Sequence analysis of multiple gene targets from Rickettsia spp. detected in ticks suggests the presence of a single divergent R. africae strain (Sao Tome). While no ticks were found positive for C. burnetii, Coxiella-like endosymbionts were detected in nearly all ticks. This is the first study in STP to provide serological evidence in humans of SFGR and C. burnetii and additional molecular evidence in ticks for SFGR, which may be responsible for some of the unexplained febrile illnesses that persist despite the control of malaria. Future epidemiological studies are needed to confirm the occurrence and risk factors associated with SFG rickettsioses and Q fever in both humans and animals. © 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH | Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Cattle; Child; Child, Preschool; Coxiella burnetii; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Goats; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Islands; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Biology; One Health; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Q Fever; Rickettsia; RNA, Ribosomal; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sao Tome and Principe; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks; RNA 16S; bacterial antigen; bacterial DNA; bacterium antibody; ribosome RNA; RNA, ribosomal, 12S; adolescent; adult; aged; Article; blood sampling; child; Coxiella burnetii; cross-sectional study; disease surveillance; DNA extraction; DNA sequence; female; human; immunofluorescence test; male; nonhuman; phylogeny; public health; Q fever; Rickettsia; risk factor; sequence alignment; sequence analysis; sequence homology; seroepidemiology; virus genome; animal; blood; bovine; Coxiella burnetii; genetics; goat; immunology; indirect fluorescent antibody technique; infant; island (geological); isolation and purification; middle aged; molecular biology; newborn; One Health; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; Q fever; Rickettsia; Rickettsiaceae infection; Sao Tome and Principe; seroepidemiology; tick; tick borne disease; veterinary medicine |
| Norovirus outbreak in a natural playground: A One Health approach | Norovirus constitutes the most frequently identified infectious cause of disease outbreaks associated with untreated recreational water. When investigating outbreaks related to surface water, a One Health approach is insightful. Historically, there has been a focus on potential contamination of recreational water by bird droppings and a recent publication demonstrating human noroviruses in bird faeces suggested this should be investigated in future water-related norovirus outbreaks. Here, we describe a One Health approach investigating a norovirus outbreak in a natural playground. On social media, a large amount of waterfowl were reported to defecate near these playground premises leading to speculations about their potential involvement. Surface water, as well as human and bird faecal specimens, was tested for human noroviruses. Norovirus was found to be the most likely cause of the outbreak but there was no evidence for transmission via waterfowl. Cases had become known on social media prior to notification to the public health service underscoring the potential of online media as an early warning system. In view of known risk factors, advice was given for future outbreak investigations and natural playground design. © 2020 The Authors. Zoonoses and Public Health published by Blackwell Verlag GmbH. | Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Anseriformes; Bird Diseases; Caliciviridae Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Notification; Disease Outbreaks; Feces; Humans; Norovirus; One Health; Parks, Recreational; Phylogeny; Risk Factors; Water Microbiology; Young Adult; Zoonoses; river water; surface water; Article; diarrhea; epidemic; feces analysis; fever; headache; human; nonhuman; norovirus infection; priority journal; social media; solar energy; vomiting; water flow; waterfowl; adolescent; adult; animal; bird disease; calicivirus infection; child; disease notification; feces; genetics; microbiology; Norovirus; One Health; phylogeny; preschool child; recreational park; risk factor; veterinary medicine; virology; young adult; zoonosis |
| Teaching one health: Animal husbandry in a post-graduate interdisciplinary curriculum | Background and Aim: This work presents the implementation of a course on animal husbandry in an interdisciplinary curriculum based on the One Health concept. The study describes learners’ viewpoints about the course and its insertion in the curriculum. The study aimed at identifying avenues for improvement. Materials and Methods: Fourteen learners (health professionals) participated to individual semi-structured interviews lasting for 25-35 min each. Learners’ opinions were extracted from the transcribed interviews and analysis themes were identified from recurrent narratives. Results: The learners perceived animal husbandry as relevant for One Health and potentially useful for their future practice. More precisely, learners were considering a future use of the newly acquired knowledge and skills in the advising of communities facing malnutrition and for the strategic planning at wider levels. Teaching methods were appreciated thanks to the active learning style. Unmet expectations concerned the coverage of impacts and relationships to other disciplines, the inclusion of viewpoints from other disciplines into the teaching, and the degree of contextualization of contents, e.g. through case studies. Accordingly, the main avenues for improvement, as identified by learners, were to give a prior focus on impacts (especially on human health) for all contents and to increase the number of case studies, but also to better address the questions of the usefulness of animal products in the management of malnutrition. Conclusion: The analysis of learners’ expectations (met and unmet) and their recommendations regarding the future of the course helped identifying both successes and important challenges for teachers. Two main challenges are highlighted. First, increased interdisciplinarity is needed within the course to better cover the notion of impact of animal husbandry on health, society and environment. Second, the complexity of the domain under consideration will call for important efforts of clarification of the course structure and objectives in terms of skills acquisition. © 2020 Sidikou, et al. | animal husbandry; Article; attitude to health; controlled study; curriculum development; environmental factor; health care personnel; health status; human; interdisciplinary education; malnutrition; medical education; postgraduate education; semi structured interview; social aspect; social competence; strategic planning |
| Snakebite envenoming from an Ecohealth perspective | Snakebite envenomings occur in complex ecological, social, economic, cultural, and political contexts. Hence, the understanding of this public health issue demands systemic and holistic approaches. Ecohealth constitutes a valuable paradigm to study snakebites, as it emphasizes on the close linkages between ecosystems, society, and health. This essay highlights some of the areas in the field of snakebite envenoming that could greatly benefit from an Ecohealth approach based on trans-disciplinary research, systems thinking, and the involvement of stakeholders at many levels. Ecohealth focuses not only on the generation of knowledge through research, but also in the translation of knowledge into actions. © 2020 The Author(s) | Article; climate change; ecosystem; ecosystem health; envenomation; environmental change; environmental impact; ethnic group; human; interdisciplinary research; migrant; nonhuman; One Health; participatory research; population distribution; poverty; priority journal; sex difference; snakebite; social aspect; veterinary medicine |
| Fighting the enemy: one health approach against microbial resistance | [No abstract available] | Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biotechnology; Drug Resistance, Microbial; One Health; gentamicin; penicillin derivative; antiinfective agent; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial growth; bacterial strain; bacterium isolate; Campylobacter; Escherichia coli; genetic selection; homeostasis; horizontal gene transfer; multidrug resistance; nonhuman; Salmonella; Vibrio alginolyticus; antibiotic resistance; biotechnology; One Health |
| Covid-19 shows the need for a global animal law; [El covid-19 pone de manifiesto la necesidad de un derecho animal global] | The pandemic COVID-19 ─ which is a zoonosis ─ illustrates how problems of global nature and proportions stem from human use and abuse of animals and therefore underlines the necessity of a global law approach. The social, ecological, and economic consequences of animal exploitation, notably (but not limited to) agriculture, range from human poverty to transnational organised wildlife crime, to global warming, and of course to animal suffering. Not the least, the danger of the outsourcing of animal-processing industries and research facilities to animal cruelty havens and the threat of a regulatory chill on the national level suggest that the regulatory response to animal issues needs to be global. The Office International des Epizooties (OIE) could be transformed into the institutional hub for such an approach. The contribution also addresses and refutes the challenge of cultural and legal imperialism that is mounted against such a global law approach. It suggests to develop further the One Health paradigm for containing the pandemic and for combatting future zoonoses. The paper concludes that a critical global animal law approach will be helpful for overcoming the COVID-crisis and is generally warranted for transforming human─animal interaction. © 2020, International Center for Animal Law and Policy. All rights reserved. |
| The promises and pitfalls of polysemic ideas: ‘One Health’ and antimicrobial resistance policy in Australia and the UK | Recent scholarship posits that ambiguous (‘polysemic’) ideas are effective for coalition building between diverse stakeholders: their capacity to be interpreted differently attracts different interests. Hence, in search of political solutions to ‘wicked’ and similarly complex problems, deploying polysemic ideas would be critical to effective policy-making. This paper scopes the policy-making potential of polysemic ideas by examining the impact of an ambiguous concept known as ‘One Health’ on responses to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Australia and the UK. It offers two primary arguments. Firstly, polysemic ideas can help mobilise broad attention to complex problems: since One Health became associated with AMR, political and administrative attention has grown more intense and coordinated than previously. Secondly, however, a polysemic idea alone may be insufficient to generate effective action: the contrast between Australian and UK AMR policies illustrates that polysemic ideas do not suspend interests, institutions, or ideas that can be readily deployed. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. | Australia; United Kingdom; antibiotic resistance; complexity; health policy; ideology; public administration; stakeholder |
| Serological Survey of Humans Exposed to Burkholderia mallei–Infected Equids: A Public Health Approach | Glanders is a fatal bacterial infection of equids caused by Burkholderia mallei. The infection can be transmitted to humans through prolonged direct contact with glanderous equids. Recently, reemergence of equine glanders has been reported in many countries. To investigate zoonotic transmission of B mallei infection, sera were collected from 538 humans including equine handlers and veterinary professionals exposed to glanderous equids. Samples were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and complement fixation test and found negative for B mallei–specific antibodies. Even though there was no incidence of human glanders during this survey period, occupational exposure will continue to remain a serious concern and a key risk factor. Therefore, we emphasize the need for intersectoral collaboration and coordination among veterinary, human, and public health authorities for continuous surveillance and monitoring of human glanders under one health concept. © 2020 APJPH. | Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Burkholderia mallei; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Glanders; Horses; Humans; Occupational Exposure; One Health; Public Health; Zoonoses; bacterium antibody; animal; blood; Burkholderia mallei; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; glanders; horse; human; immunology; occupational exposure; One Health; public health; zoonosis |
| Tackling antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh: A scoping review of policy and practice in human, animal and environment sectors | Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an emerging issue in the developing countries as well as in Bangladesh. AMR is aggravated by irrational use of antimicrobials in a largely unregulated pluralistic health system. This review presents a ‘snap shot’ of the current situation including existing policies and practices to address AMR, and the challenges and barriers associated with their implementation. Methods A systematic approach was adopted for identifying, screening, and selecting relevant literature on AMR situation in Bangladesh. We used Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Biomed Central databases for searching peer-reviewed literature in human, animal and environment sectors during January 2010-August 2019, and Google for grey materials from the institutional and journal websites. Two members of the study team independently reviewed these documents for inclusion in the analysis. We used a ‘mixed studies review’ method for synthesizing evidences from different studies. Result Of the final 47 articles, 35 were primary research, nine laboratory-based research, two review papers and one situation analysis report. Nineteen articles on human health dealt with prescribing and/or use of antimicrobials, five on self-medication, two on non-compliance of dosage, and 10 on the sensitivity and resistance patterns of antibiotics. Four papers focused on the use of antimicrobials in food animals and seven on environmental contamination. Findings reveal widespread availability of antimicrobials without prescription in the country including rise in its irrational use across sectors and consequent contamination of environment and spread of resistance. The development and transmission of AMR is deep-rooted in various supply and demand side factors. Implementation of existing policies and strategies remains a challenge due to poor awareness, inadequate resources and absence of national surveillance. Conclusion AMR is a multi-dimensional problem involving different sectors, disciplines and stakeholders requiring a One Health comprehensive approach for containment. © 2020 Hoque et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. | Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bangladesh; Developing Countries; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Health Policy; Humans; One Health; amoxicillin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; antibiotic agent; azithromycin; cefixime; ceftriaxone; cephalosporin; gatifloxacin; macrolide; metronidazole; pefloxacin; penicillin derivative; quinolone derivative; sparfloxacin; antiinfective agent; Acinetobacter; animal food; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; awareness; Bangladesh; common cold; coughing; dental caries; diarrhea; disease surveillance; disease transmission; drug bioavailability; drug use; dysentery; Enterobacter; environmental factor; Escherichia coli; fever; food poisoning; gonorrhea; health care planning; health care policy; health care practice; human; Klebsiella pneumoniae; lower respiratory tract infection; medication compliance; nausea; nonhuman; pneumonia; prescription; respiratory tract infection; rhinitis; self medication; stakeholder engagement; systematic review; tooth pain; typhoid fever; urinary tract infection; animal; bacterial infection; developing country; health care policy; legislation and jurisprudence; One Health |
| Transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes: Unveiling the jigsaw pieces of a one health problem | Antimicrobial Resistance is one of the major Global Health challenges of the twenty-first century, and one of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) top ten global health threats. The evolution of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens requires urgent concerted global efforts under a One Health approach integrating human, animal, and environmental surveillance data. This is crucial to develop efficient control strategies and counteract the spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. The studies in this Special Issue have evidenced the hidden role of less common species, unusual clones or unexplored niches in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance between different hosts. They reinforce the need for large-scale surveillance studies tracing and tracking both antibiotic resistance and metal tolerance in different bacterial species. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | antibiotic resistance; article; biofilm; bioinformatics; control strategy; controlled study; genomics; human; infection prevention; infectious agent; metal tolerance; mobile genetic element; nonhuman; One Health; World Health Organization |
| One Health approach and Coronavirus Disease 2019 | [No abstract available] | Betacoronavirus; China; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; One Health; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Article; China; coronavirus disease 2019; disease burden; government; Hong Kong; human; Iran; Italy; Japan; morbidity; mortality rate; non communicable disease; pandemic; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Singapore; South Korea; United States; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus infection; epidemic; One Health; pandemic; virology; virus pneumonia |
| Aquaculture component of national action plan on antimicrobial resistance in Malaysia | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious and growing global public health threat. Given the grave importance of AMR, the United Nations General Assembly has called for the development and implementation of the national action plans (NAP) on AMR in each of its member countries. The Malaysia NAP was launched in February 2017 with collaborative approach from Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industries [Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Department of Fisheries (DOF), Department of Agriculture (DoA)], Department of Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Defence Hospitals, Private Healthcare Facilities, Community Pharmacist, The Animal Food Industry and Professional Organisations pertaining to Human And Animal Health) to address and mitigate AMR in respective sectors. This paper presents the aquaculture component of Malaysia’s NAP on AMR lead by the DOF, Malaysia. The objective of this paper is to briefly present the outcomes of activities carried out by the DOF in relation to AMR and AMU in Malaysia which includes: i) the development of the aquaculture component of the NAP; ii) results of the AMU survey; iii) outcome of AMR surveillance; iv) AMR education and awareness; and iv) strengthening governance. The initial AMR results indicate that most of the Escherichia coli isolates were resistant towards erythromycin (90.7 %), cefepime (26.6 %), tetracycline (18.2 %), ampicillin (15 %), and chloramphenicol (10 %). On the other hand, the majority of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to ampicillin (72.3 %) followed by erythromycin (10 %), cefotaxime (4 %), and tetracycline (4 %). © Asian Fisheries Society. | Malaysia; academic research; action plan; antibiotic resistance; antibiotics; antimicrobial activity; aquaculture industry; fishery management; fishery production; health risk; higher education; policy implementation; public health; resource development; United Nations |
| Dear medical mycologists, it is time to look outside the box | Opulente et al. (Opulente DA, Langdon QK, Buh KV et al. Pathogenic budding yeasts isolated outside of clinical settings. FEMS Yeast Res 2019;19:foz032) published early this year a study aiming to investigate the diversity of wild yeast species, by collecting 1000 environmental samples coming from different substrates across the United States of America. The main finding of this work is the recovery of 54 strains of budding yeasts of which several are having a pathogenic potential in the clinical setting, such as Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Nakaseomyces glabrata and Pichia kudriavzevii. These findings, discussed here in light of other recent studies highlighting the role of fungicides in the rise of antifungal resistance in the clinical setting or the emergence of Candida auris, demonstrate that our environment can represent an alternative niche for several opportunistic fungal pathogens that can be a concern for human health. © FEMS 2019. All rights reserved. | Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candida albicans; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; antifungal agent; antifungal resistance; Article; budding yeast; Candida albicans; Candida auris; Candida parapsilosis; Candida sake; Candida tropicalis; Clavispora lusitaniae; climate change; Cyberlindnera; Meyerozyma guilliermondii; Nakaseomyces; Pichia kudriavzevii; Wickerhamomyces anomalus; Candida; drug effect; human; microbial sensitivity test |
| My Mother’s Story: Tick Borne Ehrlichiosis and a Life Well-Lived | [No abstract available] | Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Doxycycline; Ehrlichia; Ehrlichiosis; Female; Humans; Maryland; Tick Bites; Ticks; azithromycin; doxycycline; sultamicillin; antiinfective agent; doxycycline; aged; Article; blood cell count; case report; clinical article; dementia; Ehrlichia chaffeensis; ehrlichiosis; fatality; female; health status; human; life event; lymphocytosis; mother; neutrophil count; priority journal; symptomatology; thrombocytopenia; very elderly; animal; Ehrlichia; ehrlichiosis; Maryland; pathology; tick; tick bite |
| An observational study of the role of indoor air pollution in pets with naturally acquired bronchial/lung disease | Background: Indoor air pollution (IAP) is an emerging issue for both human and veterinary patients under the concept of ‘One Health’. The association between IAP and respiratory disease in companion animals has been reported. Objectives: The present study investigated the relationship between quantifiable indoor air quality and clinical characteristics of naturally acquired bronchial/lung disease in pet dogs and cats. Methods: A total of 36 clinical cases (20 dogs and 16 cats) with naturally acquired bronchial/lung disease were prospectively recruited. Lower airway samples were collected and analysed, and clinical signs and the information from pulmonary function testing were examined. Indoor air quality was estimated by the average concentration of particles measuring ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5, μg/m3) and volatile organic compounds (VOC, ppm) in the animals’ domestic microenvironments. Results: Exposure to IAP was not found to be correlated with the severity of clinical signs, pulmonary function changes or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in cats with bronchial/lung disease. However, a hypercellular response in canine lower airways was found to be associated with poor indoor air quality, including unacceptable indoor PM2.5 levels (>35 μg/m3) or increases in VOC concentration (>1 ppm) in places most commonly frequented by the dogs in the home. Conclusions: Poor indoor air quality may exacerbate airway disease in pets and should not be ignored in modern society. © 2020 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd | Air Pollutants; Air Pollution, Indoor; Animals; Bronchial Diseases; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Lung Diseases; Male; Pets; air quality; ambient air; Article; asthma; body plethysmography; breathing pattern; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; bronchomalacia; bronchoscopy; bronchus disease; chronic bronchitis; cytology; disease severity; forced expiratory volume; forced vital capacity; house dust allergy; indoor air pollution; inflammation; Likert scale; lower respiratory tract infection; lung auscultation; lung disease; lung function; nonhuman; observational study; prospective study; questionnaire; scoring system; spirometry; tachypnea; adverse event; air pollutant; animal; bronchus disease; cat; cat disease; dog; dog disease; female; indoor air pollution; lung disease; male; pet animal; veterinary medicine |
| A survey of veterinarians’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding an emerging disease: Coccidioidomycosis in Washington State | Coccidioides immitis is an emerging fungal pathogen in Washington State (WA). While the geographical boundaries of C. immitis in WA have not been well characterized, human infections have resulted from exposure in the south-central region of the state. Since 2010, only one dog has been identified as a probable locally acquired animal case, despite pilot canine serological surveys from south-central WA revealing a 9.8% seroprevalence. On the suspicion that clinical animal cases may be underdiagnosed and/or underreported, we assessed WA veterinarians’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding coccidioidomycosis. All veterinarians with active licenses in WA were invited to complete a self-administered, web-based survey from November 2018 to January 2019. Four hundred and twenty-five of 2,211 (19.2%) veterinarians returned the survey and were eligible for inclusion in the final analysis. Nearly, all respondents (98.8%) had heard of coccidioidomycosis, but only 31.5% and 25.6% knew that locally acquired animal and human cases, respectively, had been reported in WA. Only half (52.6%) of participants knew that the disease was reportable. Fewer than 20% of respondents reported confidence that their knowledge of coccidioidomycosis was up to date, and 76.9% “never” or “rarely” considered the risk of disease in their patients. A statistically significant predictor of a high knowledge score (≥70%), however, included practicing in endemic counties where the Washington State Department of Health had previously delivered outreach and education services. While the results suggest some success with these activities, it is clear that information on the emergence of coccidioidomycosis is not adequately reaching veterinary practitioners in WA. The data support that more frequent CE opportunities, and dissemination of public health communications through veterinary-specific modalities, would help fill the knowledge gap. In turn, improved diagnosis and reporting of animal cases would assist in our overall understanding the epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis in WA. © 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH | Animals; Coccidioides; Coccidioidomycosis; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Data Collection; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Surveys and Questionnaires; Veterinarians; Washington; Article; attitude; Coccidioides immitis; coccidioidomycosis; comparative study; demography; human; infection risk; information processing; nonhuman; predictive value; priority journal; scoring system; serology; seroprevalence; statistically significant result; veterinarian; Washington; animal; attitude to health; Coccidioides; coccidioidomycosis; communicable disease; dog; dog disease; microbiology; questionnaire; veterinary medicine; Washington |
| Guidance in development of aquaculture component of a national action plan on antimicrobial resistance | Since the adoption, in May 2015, of the Global Plan of Action (GAP) on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), during the 68th World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the subsequent adoption by the delegates of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) of the OIE AMR Strategy and the adoption of Resolution 4/2015 by the 39th Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), a political declaration was made during a high-level meeting on AMR at the 71st United Nations General Assembly (UNGA, September 2016). The UNGA called upon the Tripartite (i.e. WHO, OIE, and FAO) and other intergovernmental organisations to support the development and implementation of National Action Plans (NAPs) and AMR activities at the national, regional, and global levels under the One Health platform. This paper provides preliminary guidance in the development of the aquaculture component of NAP on AMR under the auspices of the FAO project FMM/RAS/298/MUL: Strengthening capacities, policies, and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries. Such guidance, consisting of two levels (i.e. generic and aquaculture-specific), are important first steps in the process. Having such a plan will now allow the responsible Competent Authority to raise the profile of aquaculture in national discourses on AMR, generate an understanding of the sector and its importance by other relevant sectors engaged in the One Health platform, stimulate investment and support towards further development and implementation of the action plan. The aquaculture component needs to be fully integrated in a country’s NAP on AMR. © Asian Fisheries Society. | action plan; antibiotic resistance; fishery; resource development; World Health Organization |
| Limited presence of Waddlia chondrophila in drinking water systems in the Netherlands | Waddlia chondrophila is an emerging pathogen belonging to the order of Chlamydiales. This obligate intracellular bacterium was initially isolated from an aborted bovine fetus and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in women. The ability of W. chondrophila to reside and replicate within a range of free-living amoebae implies a possible widespread environmental presence. Potential hosts of W. chondrophila are present in Dutch drinking water. This study therefore investigated the presence of W. chondrophila DNA in drinking water by analysing 59 samples from ten drinking water systems throughout the Netherlands. Samples were taken at three distances from the treatment plant, during both summer and winter. Twelve of the samples were positive, originating from two of the treatment plants, of which three samples were quantifiable. © 2019 The Author(s) | drinking water; RNA 16S; Article; controlled study; DNA determination; DNA extraction; gene dosage; Netherlands; nonhuman; plasmid; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; summer; Tubulinea; Vermamoeba vermiformis; Waddlia chondrophila; water management; water sampling; water supply; winter |
| The prevalence of salmonella spp. In two arctic fox (alopex lagopus) farms in Poland | The objective of the study was to determine the occurrence of Salmonella spp. infections in two Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) farms in Poland, and to analyse the correlations between animals that tested positive for Salmonella spp and breeding results. Faecal samples were taken from 1094 clinically healthy blue foxes from the basic stock of farms A and B. Salmonella spp. were detected in 18.06% (56/310) of the samples collected in farm A and in 15.94% (125/784) of the samples collected in farm B. All isolated strains belonged to S. enterica subsp. enterica serotypes Salmonella Saintpaul (S. Saintpaul), Salmonella Reading (S. Reading), and Salmonella Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg). All three serotypes are typically isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Salmonella spp. infections significantly increased the risk of female infertility, but further research is needed to confirm the results. This is the first report on the prevalence of S. Heidelberg, S. Saintpaul, and S. Reading in faecal samples collected from Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) farms in Poland. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | adult; animal experiment; animal model; antigen antibody reaction; Article; bacteriology; bacterium isolation; breeding; case fatality rate; cohort analysis; controlled study; feces analysis; female; female infertility; livestock; male; nonhuman; observational study; Poland; prevalence; risk factor; Salmonella enterica; serotype; spontaneous abortion; Vulpes lagopus |
| Ethical Decision-Making in Zoonotic Disease Control: How Do One Health Strategies Function in the Netherlands? | To tackle zoonotic disease threats, a One Health approach is currently commonplace and generally understood as an integrated effort of multiple disciplines to promote the health of humans, animals and the environment. To implement One Health strategies in zoonotic disease control, many countries set up early warning systems, in which human and veterinary health professionals cooperate. These systems, like the Dutch Zoonoses Structure, can be successful to detect emerging disease threats. However, these systems are not well equipped to handle moral dilemmas that can arise in zoonotic disease control, like the culling of healthy animals. This research studies the role of normative presuppositions of professionals involved in zoonotic disease control policies in the Netherlands. We found that these professionals in general adhered to a holistic view of the One Health concept, however, in practice an anthropocentric approach was dominant. Public health was identified as the trumping moral value, which reveals an inherent field of tension with the core of One Health thinking. The lack of ethical expertise in control systems for zoonotic diseases can lead to misconception of ethical principles, like the precautionary principle which is frequently evoked to justify disease control measures. © 2020, The Author(s). | Netherlands; Animalia; decision making; disease control; ethics; health policy; infectious disease; public health |
| Whole genome sequencing differentiates presumptive extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing escherichia coli along segments of the one health continuum | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has important implications for the continued use of antibiotics to control infectious diseases in both beef cattle and humans. AMR along the One Health continuum of the beef production system is largely unknown. Here, whole genomes of presumptive extended-spectrum β-lactamase E. coli (ESBL-EC) from cattle feces (n = 40), feedlot catch basins (n = 42), surrounding streams (n = 21), a beef processing plant (n = 4), municipal sewage (n = 30), and clinical patients (n = 25) are described. ESBL-EC were isolated from ceftriaxone selective plates and subcultured on ampicillin selective plates. Agreement of genotype-phenotype prediction of AMR ranged from 93.2% for ampicillin to 100% for neomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and enrofloxacin resistance. Overall, β-lactam (100%; blaEC, blaTEM-1, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M-), tetracycline (90.1%; tet(A), tet(B)) and folate synthesis (sul2) antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were most prevalent. The ARGs tet(C), tet(M), tet(32), blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaOXA-1, dfrA18, dfrA19, catB3, and catB4 were exclusive to human sources, while blaTEM-150, blaSHV-11–12, dfrA12, cmlA1, and cmlA5 were exclusive to beef cattle sources. Frequently encountered virulence factors across all sources included adhesion and type II and III secretion systems, while IncFIB(AP001918) and IncFII plasmids were also common. Specificity and prevalence of ARGs between cattle-sourced and human-sourced presumptive ESBL-EC likely reflect differences in antimicrobial use in cattle and humans. Comparative genomics revealed phylogenetically distinct clusters for isolates from human vs. cattle sources, implying that human infections caused by ESBL-EC in this region might not originate from beef production sources. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
| ORIGIN OF PANDEMICS | The incidence of infectious disease outbreaks is increasing over time. This article presents an overview of some major pandemics. The majority of them are zoonoses and the causes underlying spillovers to humans are analysed. Degradation of wild life habitats, intensive animal husbandry and changing land use are some important causes. The concept of “One Health” is highlighted. © 2020, Indian Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. |
| “Prevention is the biggest success”: Barriers and enablers to personal biosecurity in the thoroughbred breeding industry | Employees in the equine industry are at occupational risk of zoonoses such as Hendra virus and equine chlamydiosis through exposure to infected materials. This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the views and experiences of employees, and the key drivers of infection control and personal biosecurity (PB) practices in the Thoroughbred breeding industry. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted in 2018 in New South Wales, Australia using interviews (9) and small group discussions (7). The 29 participants included veterinarians, veterinary nurses, foaling staff, stud managers and laboratory personnel working in a range of equine medicine settings. Interviews and focus groups were recorded, transcribed and analysed manually by at least two members of the research team. An iterative approach was used to derive themes. Results: Five main themes emerged: (i) greater awareness of current and emerging infectious risks promotes use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); (ii) currently available PPE is not comfortable, practical or well-suited to equine reproductive work in Australia’s hot climate; (iii) creating supportive environments for PB reduces risk of exposure to infectious materials; (iv) strong leadership is required to implement sustainable change in workplace culture and practices; and (v) policy and economic factors play an important role in adopting biosecurity (BS) and PB measures in the workplace. Personnel working in the Australian Thoroughbred breeding industry face unique zoonotic risks in a challenging physical environment. A qualitative approach provided rich insights into social and physical factors motivating BS and PB in this occupational group. There is an opportunity for collaboration between Public Health services and industry partners to develop and implement strategies most likely to be effective in ensuring consistent uptake of PB measures in the workplace. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. | Adult; Aged; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Breeding; Communicable Disease Control; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Horse Diseases; Horses; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New South Wales; Professional Competence; Veterinarians; Young Adult; Zoonoses; animal reproductive procedures; Article; breeding; climate; economic aspect; employee; environmental policy; female; foal; human; industry; infection control; infection prevention; infection risk; job security; laboratory personnel; leadership; male; manager; New South Wales; nonhuman; occupational health; One Health; organizational policy; paraveterinary worker; personal experience; priority journal; public health service; qualitative research; risk reduction; Thoroughbred horse; veterinarian; workplace; zoonosis; adult; aged; animal; animal husbandry; attitude to health; breeding; communicable disease control; horse; horse disease; middle aged; professional competence; psychology; young adult; zoonosis |
| COVID-19 from veterinary medicine and one health perspectives: What animal coronaviruses have taught us | [No abstract available] | avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine; Fc receptor; gamma interferon inducible protein 10; granulocyte colony stimulating factor; gs 441524; immunoglobulin A; interleukin 17; interleukin 2; interleukin 6; lopinavir; macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha; monocyte chemotactic protein 1; neutralizing antibody; nucleoside derivative; remdesivir; tocilizumab; tumor necrosis factor; unclassified drug; viral protein; virus RNA; aging; antibody dependent enhancement; Article; Avian coronavirus; avian deltacorovirus; avian infectious bronchitis; Avian infectious bronchitis virus; Canine coronavirus; China; conformational transition; Coronavirinae; coronavirus disease 2019; Coronavirus infection; cost effectiveness analysis; cow; cytokine production; diagnostic error; disease association; disease severity; disease transmission; encephalitis virus; Feline coronavirus; feline infectious peritonitis; Feline infectious peritonitis virus; hospital admission; hospitalization; human; immunosuppressive treatment; macrophage; Middle East respiratory syndrome; mortality rate; mucosal immunity; nonhuman; pneumonia; porcine deltacoronavirus; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; protein cleavage; protein expression; respiratory tract disease; RNA transcription; SARS-related coronavirus; sea food; severe acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; social interaction; social marketing; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; veterinary medicine; virus entry; virus immunity; virus inhibition; virus replication; virus shedding |
| Veterinary students have a higher risk of contracting cryptosporidiosis when calves with high fecal cryptosporidium loads are used for fetotomy exercises | An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among veterinary students performing fetotomy exercises on euthanized calves took place in September 2018 in Denmark. A prospective cohort investigation was performed to identify risk factors and provide guidance for preventing outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in this setting. Ninetyseven students attended the fetotomy exercises and completed a questionnaire about symptoms and potential risk behavior. Real-time PCR was used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. in stool samples from students and to quantify the fecal parasite load in the calves used for the exercises. gp60 subtyping was carried out for the Cryptosporidium-positive samples. Our case definition was based on participation in a fetotomy exercise, reported symptoms, and laboratory results. Eleven laboratoryconfirmed or probable cases (11%) were identified in two outbreaks during the prospective study period, with attack rates of 4/10 (40%) and 7/9 (78%), respectively. The risk factors for cryptosporidiosis we identified were performing the exercise on a diarrheic calf, reporting visible fecal contamination on the personal protective equipment (PPE), and reporting problems with PPE during the exercise. Cryptosporidium parvum IIaA15G2R1 was detected in both cases and calves. A significantly higher proportion of the calves aged 7 days old and above were positive compared with younger calves. Furthermore, a high fecal Cryptosporidium load in a calf was associated with a higher probability of an outbreak among the students. Based on our results, using noninfected calves for the exercises, appropriate use of PPE, and thorough hand hygiene are recommended to reduce the risk of contracting cryptosporidiosis in connection with fetotomy exercises. © 2020 Thomas-Lopez et al. | Adult; Animals; Cattle; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium parvum; Denmark; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Fetus; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Students; Veterinary Medicine; Young Adult; Denmark; Bos; Cryptosporidium; Cryptosporidium parvum; Polymerase chain reaction; Protective clothing; Students; Cohort investigation; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium parvum; Cryptosporidium spp; Fecal contamination; Personal protective equipment; Prospective study; Provide guidances; cattle; equipment; feces; health risk; hygiene; parasite intensity; probability; student; adult; animal; bovine; cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium parvum; Denmark; epidemic; female; fetus; human; male; microbiology; physiology; prospective study; risk factor; student; surgery; veterinary medicine; young adult; Risks |
| Evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for dog visceral hemangiosarcoma: A retrospective case-control study register-based in Lazio region, Italy | The genetic and breed susceptibility of visceral hemangiosarcoma in dogs has been studied, but there is no evidence of environmental risk factors as reported in human medicine. We conducted a case-control study in which the sampling population was the list of canine oncology cases of the Animal Tumour Registry of Lazio region, Italy (2009–2017). We defined cases as dogs with visceral hemangiosarcoma and controls as dogs affected by another neoplasm. The ratio between controls and cases was 3:1. Analysed variables were: age, weight, sex, reproductive status, size, breed, nutrition habit, living environment and location of the house. We performed a preliminary univariate analysis to select potential risk factors (p-value < 0.2) then entered in a forward stepwise logistic regression model. Ninety-three cases enrolled in the study were compared with 279 controls. The multivariable logistic regression identified age, reproductive status and breed as significant risk factors. Results showed an increasing risk with increasing age for age classes 6−10 and > 10 years old (OR = 9.69, 95 % CI: 1.21–77.62; OR = 14.01, 95 % CI: 1.65–119.03). Neutered animals (male and female) were at greater risk compared to intact ones. The breeds at greatest risk were German shepherd (OR = 4.17, 95 % CI: 1.25–13.86) and mixed breed (OR = 3.50, 95 % CI: 1.44–8.51). The last finding could be explained by the genetic origin of the animals, which may include German shepherd or another possible breed at risk. No other individual or environmental variables were identified as risk factors. The findings of this work indicate that genetic predisposition is the key element in visceral hemangiosarcoma development. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. | Age Factors; Animals; Case-Control Studies; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hemangiosarcoma; Italy; Logistic Models; Male; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; angiosarcoma; Article; breed; case control study; controlled study; dog; female; heart; Italy; male; nonhuman; priority journal; retrospective study; risk factor; spleen; visceral hemangiosarcoma; age; angiosarcoma; animal; dog disease; genetic predisposition; genetics; orchiectomy; ovariectomy; sex factor; statistical model; veterinary medicine |
| Brucellosis in Pakistan: a neglected zoonotic disease | Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease; endemic but neglected in the South Asian countries including Pakistan. It causes economic loss to the livestock sector and leads to systemic infection in humans. Brucellosis was neglected in Pakistan since long. According to the Staged Tool for the Elimination of Brucellosis (STEB), Pakistan carries a grim landscape of the disease with no structured control activities. This article describes the five-year national brucellosis control strategic plan (2018-2023) formulated by the government of Pakistan using the one-health approach for the prevention and control of disease across the country. The plan incorporates components of surveillance, research, diagnostic capacity, awareness and vaccination using a multi-disciplinary approach. © 2020 Pakistan Medical Association. All rights reserved. | Animals; Brucellosis; Humans; India; Livestock; Pakistan; Zoonoses; abortion; animal product; Article; awareness; brucellosis; diagnostic error; disease control; disease surveillance; disease transmission; economic aspect; endemic disease; genital system disease; government; human; infection; infertility; inoculation; landscape; livestock; nonhuman; One Health; Pakistan; prevalence; slaughtering; stakeholder engagement; stillbirth; training; vaccination; zoonosis; animal; brucellosis; India; zoonosis |
| Genetic uniformity, geographical spread and anthropogenic habitat modifications of lymnaeid vectors found in a One Health initiative in the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic of the Bolivian Altiplano | Background: Fascioliasis is a snail-borne zoonotic trematodiasis emerging due to climate changes, anthropogenic environment modifications, and livestock movements. Many areas where Fasciola hepatica is endemic in humans have been described in Latin America altitude areas. Highest prevalences and intensities were reported from four provinces of the northern Bolivian Altiplano, where preventive chemotherapy is ongoing. New strategies are now incorporated to decrease infection/re-infection risk, assessment of human infection sources to enable efficient prevention measures, and additionally a One Health initiative in a selected zone. Subsequent extension of these pilot interventions to the remaining Altiplano is key. Methods: To verify reproducibility throughout, 133 specimens from 25 lymnaeid populations representative of the whole Altiplano, and 11 used for population dynamics studies, were analyzed by rDNA ITS2 and ITS1 and mtDNA cox1 and 16S sequencing to assess their classification, variability and geographical spread. Results: Lymnaeid populations proved to belong to a monomorphic group, Galba truncatula. Only a single cox1 mutation was found in a local population. Two cox1 haplotypes were new. Comparisons of transmission foci data from the 1990’s with those of 2018 demonstrated an endemic area expansion. Altitudinal, northward and southward expansions suggest movements of livestock transporting G. truncatula snails, with increasing temperatures transforming previously unsuitable habitats into suitable transmission areas. Transmission foci appear to be stable when compared to past field observations, except for those modified by human activities, including construction of new roads or control measures undertaken in relation to fascioliasis. Conclusions: For a One Health initiative, the control of only one Fasciola species and snail vector species simplifies efforts because of the lower transmission complexity. Vector monomorphism suggests uniformity of vector population responses after control measure implementation. Hyperendemic area outer boundary instability suggests a climate change impact. All populations outside previously known boundaries were close to villages, human dwellings and/or schools, and should therefore be considered during disease control planning. The remarkable southward expansion implies that a fifth province, Aroma, should now be included within preventive chemotherapy programmes. This study highlights the need for lymnaeid molecular identification, transmission foci stability monitoring, and potential vector spread assessment.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2020 The Author(s). | Animals; Disease Vectors; DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Ecosystem; Endemic Diseases; Fasciola hepatica; Fascioliasis; Geography; Haplotypes; Humans; Lymnaea; One Health; Phylogeny; Prevalence; cyclooxygenase 1; DNA 16S; internal transcribed spacer 1; internal transcribed spacer 2; mitochondrial DNA; ribosome DNA; mitochondrial DNA; ribosomal spacer DNA; animal experiment; animal tissue; Article; Bolivian; climate change; controlled study; disease transmission; DNA determination; DNA sequencing; endemic disease; fascioliasis; Galba truncatula; gene vector; genetic variability; geographic distribution; haplotype; human activities; infection control; livestock; Lymnaeidae; mutation; nonhuman; One Health; population dynamics; species habitat; animal; disease carrier; ecosystem; endemic disease; Fasciola hepatica; fascioliasis; genetics; geography; human; Lymnaea; parasitology; phylogeny; prevalence |
| From more-than-human solidarity to multi-species biographical value: insights from a veterinary school about ethical dilemmas in One Health promotion | This article features a partnership between a veterinary school and a charity that aims to enhance the wellbeing of low-income people. Through this partnership, the charity periodically hosts veterinary clinics for clients and their pets. Even as the veterinarians and veterinary students duly examine people’s pets, these pop-up clinics aim to help people and their pets. Hence our analysis revolves around the ethics of ‘more-than-human solidarity’. By ‘more-than-human solidarity’, we mean efforts to help others that either center on or that implicate non-human beings. To delve into the ethical and sociological implications of subsidised veterinary services, and to assist with program planning, we conducted several in-depth interviews with veterinarians. Most substantively, we found that the veterinary school’s outreach clinics give rise to multi-species biographical value, which is prized as a pedagogical resource for veterinary students. The veterinarians whom we interviewed felt troubled by the extent to which the pop-up clinics ultimately benefited the veterinary school, but also by the shortage of subsidised veterinary services in the vicinity. Based on these interviews and our own reflections, we invite more scholarship on cultural, economic and political influences that shape the lives of human beings and non-human animals alike. © 2020 Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness | Animals; Health Promotion; Humans; Morals; Schools, Veterinary; Sociology; Veterinarians; animal welfare; article; education; ethics; health promotion; human; human-animal bond; interview; One Health; poverty; problem based learning; program development; social determinants of health; social welfare; sociology; veterinary student; animal; health promotion; morality; school; sociology; veterinarian |
| Integrated early warning surveillance: achilles′ heel of one health? | Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses indicate the importance of the One Health (OH) approach for early warning. At present, even when surveillance data are available, they are infrequently timeously shared between the health sectors. In the context of the MediLabSecure (MLS) Project, we investigated the collection of a set of surveillance indicators able to provide data for the implementation of integrated early warning systems in the 22 MLS countries of the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Sahel regions. We used an online questionnaire (covering vector, human, and animal sectors), focusing on seven relevant arboviruses, that was submitted to 110 officially appointed experts. Results showed that West Nile virus was perceived as the most relevant zoonotic pathogen, while Dengue virus was the most relevant non-zoonotic pathogen in the study area. Data collection of early warning indicators is in place at a different level for all the investigated pathogens and in almost all the MLS Countries. Further assessments on the reliability of the collection in place and on the feasibility of piloting an integrated early warning system for arbovirus could verify if integrated early warning really represents the Achilles’ heel of OH. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
| Detecting national human enteric disease outbreaks linked to animal contact in the United States of America | Enteric pathogens, such as non-typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter and Escherichia coli, can reside in the intestinal tract of many animals, including livestock, companion animals, small mammals and reptiles. Often, these animals can appear healthy; nonetheless, humans can become infected after direct or indirect contact, resulting in a substantial illness burden. An estimated 14% of the 3.2 million illnesses that occur in the United States of America (USA) each year from such enteric pathogens are attributable to animal contact. Surveillance for enteric pathogens in the USA includes the compilation and interpretation of both laboratory and epidemiologic data. However, the authors feel that a collaborative, multisectoral and transdisciplinary – or One Health – approach is needed for data collection and analysis, at every level. In addition, they suggest that the future of enteric illness surveillance lies in the development of improved technologies for pathogen detection and characterisation, such as genomic sequencing and metagenomics. In particular, using whole-genome sequencing to compare genetic sequences of enteric pathogens from humans, food, animals and the environment, can help to predict antimicrobial resistance among these pathogens, determine their genetic relatedness and identify outbreaks linked to a common source. In this paper, the authors describe three recent, multi-state human enteric illness outbreaks linked to animal contact in the USA and discuss how integrated disease surveillance was essential to outbreak detection and response. Additional datasharing between public health and animal health laboratories and epidemiologists at the local, national, regional and international level may help to improve surveillance for emerging animal and human health threats and lead to new opportunities for prevention.; Les agents pathogènes entériques tels que les Salmonella non typhiques, Campylobacter et Escherichia coli peuvent coloniser le tractus intestinal d’un grand nombre d’animaux y compris les espèces d’élevage, les animaux de compagnie, les petits mammifères et les reptiles. Les animaux porteurs sont souvent sains en apparence ; néanmoins, les humains peuvent contracter l’infection après un contact direct ou indirect avec un animal atteint, ce qui induit un fardeau significatif associé à ces maladies. D’après les estimations, environ 14 % des 3,2 millions de cas annuels d’infections par des agents pathogènes entériques aux États-Unis d’Amérique ont pour origine un contact avec des animaux. Aux États-Unis, la surveillance des agents pathogènes entériques est basée sur la collecte et l’interprétation des résultats de laboratoire et des données épidémiologiques. Les auteurs sont néanmoins convaincus de la nécessité de recourir à une approche collaborative, multisectorielle et transdisciplinaire (en d’autres termes, une approche Une seule santé) pour la collecte et l’analyse des données, à tous les niveaux. Ils considèrent également que la surveillance des infections entériques reposera à l’avenir sur le développement de technologies avancées dans le domaine de la détection et de la caractérisation des agents pathogènes, notamment le séquençage génomique et la métagénomique. En particulier, le recours au séquençage du génome entier afin de comparer les séquences d’agents pathogènes d’origine humaine, alimentaire, animale et environnementale permettra d’anticiper l’apparition d’antibiorésistances, de déterminer le degré de parenté génétique de ces agents et d’identifier les foyers provenant d’une même source. Les auteurs décrivent trois foyers récents d’infections entériques humaines survenus dans plusieurs états des États-Unis et soulignent à quel point l’exercice d’une surveillance sanitaire intégrée a été déterminant pour la détection de ces foyers et la mise en œuvre d’une réponse appropriée. Un partage accru d’informations entre les laboratoires et les épidémiologistes de santé publique et animale aux niveaux local, national, régional et international pourrait contribuer à améliorer la surveillance des menaces émergentes pesant sur la santé animale et humaine et à mettre en œuvre de nouvelles modalités de prévention.; En el tracto intestinal de muchos animales, entre ellos ganado, mascotas, pequeños mamíferos o reptiles, puede haber patógenos intestinales como salmonelas no tifoideas, Campylobacter o Escherichia coli. A menudo los animales parecen sanos, pese a lo cual las personas pueden infectarse por contacto directo o indirecto con ellos, lo que da lugar a una considerable carga de morbilidad. Se calcula que, de los 3,2 millones de casos de enfermedad que estos patógenos intestinales causan al año en los EE. UU., un 14% es atribuible al contacto con animales. La vigilancia de patógenos intestinales que se practica en los EE. UU. incluye la compilación e interpretación de datos tanto epidemiológicos como de laboratorio. En opinión de los autores, sin embargo, es preciso que la obtención y el análisis de datos respondan a un planteamiento de colaboración multisectorial y transdisciplinar – esto es, a la lógica de Una sola salud – que abarque todos los niveles. Los autores apuntan además que el futuro de la vigilancia de las enfermedades intestinales pasa por el desarrollo de tecnologías más eficaces de detección y caracterización de patógenos, como la secuenciación genómica o la metagenómica. En particular, el uso de la secuenciación de genomas completos para comparar entre sí las secuencias genéticas de patógenos intestinales presentes en personas, alimentos, animales y el medio ambiente puede ayudar a predecir la aparición de resistencias a los antimicrobianos en estos patógenos, determinar su parentesco genético e identificar brotes vinculados con un origen común. Los autores, tras describir tres recientes brotes de enfermedad intestinal humana ligados al contacto con animales que afectaron a varios estados de los EE. UU., explican la función esencial que cumplió la vigilancia integrada de enfermedades para detectar esos brotes y responder a ellos. El intercambio de más datos entre los laboratorios de salud pública y sanidad animal y los epidemiólogos a escala local, nacional, regional e internacional puede ser de ayuda para mejorar la vigilancia de amenazas sanitarias y zoosanitarias emergentes y abrir nuevas posibilidades de prevención. | Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Laboratories; One Health; Public Health; United States; Whole Genome Sequencing; animal; epidemic; epidemiology; human; laboratory; One Health; public health; United States; veterinary medicine; whole genome sequencing |
| Effective Nanoparticle-Based Nasal Vaccine Against Latent and Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Sheep | Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic protozoan of worldwide distribution, able to infect all warm-blooded animals, but particularly sheep. Primary infection in pregnant sheep leads to millions of abortions and significant economic losses for the livestock industry. Moreover, infected animals constitute the main parasitic reservoir for humans. Therefore, the development of a One-health vaccine seems the best prevention strategy. Following earlier work, a vaccine constituted of total extract of Toxoplasma gondii proteins (TE) associated with maltodextrin nanoparticles (DGNP) was developed in rodents. In this study we evaluated the ability of this vaccine candidate to protect against latent and congenital toxoplasmosis in sheep. After two immunizations by either intranasal or intradermal route, DGNP/TE vaccine generated specific Th1-cellular immune response, mediated by APC-secretion of IFN-γ and IL-12. Secretion of IL-10 appeared to regulate this Th1 response for intradermally vaccinated sheep but was absent in intranasally-vaccinated animals. Finally, protection against latent toxoplasmosis and transplacental transmission were explored. Intranasal vaccination led to a marked decrease of brain cysts compared with the non-vaccinated group. This DGNP/TE vaccine administered intranasally conferred a high level of protection against latent toxoplasmosis and its transplacental transmission in sheep, highlighting the potential for development of such a vaccine for studies in other species. © Copyright © 2020 Ducournau, Moiré, Carpentier, Cantin, Herkt, Lantier, Betbeder and Dimier-Poisson. | Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Brain; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Latent Infection; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Nanoparticles; Polysaccharides; Protozoan Proteins; Protozoan Vaccines; Rats; Sheep; Th1 Cells; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasmosis, Animal; Toxoplasmosis, Congenital; Vaccination; APC; CD11b antigen; CD14 antigen; CD4 antigen; CD8 antigen; DGNP TE vaccine; gamma interferon; glycoprotein p 15095; interleukin 10; interleukin 12; major histocompatibility antigen class 2; maltodextrin; nanoparticle; protein vaccine; Toxoplasma gondii protein; unclassified drug; maltodextrin; nanoparticle; polysaccharide; protozoal protein; protozoal vaccine; animal cell; animal experiment; animal tissue; antigen presenting cell; Article; brain size; cellular immunity; controlled study; female; immunization; immunostimulation; lymph node; maternal fetal transmission; nonhuman; placental transfer; sheep; spleen cell; Th1 cell; Toxoplasma gondii; toxoplasmosis; vaccination; animal; animal toxoplasmosis; brain; chemistry; congenital toxoplasmosis; immunology; infection; intranasal drug administration; lymphocyte activation; mouse; pathology; physiology; rat; Toxoplasma; vertical transmission |
| Editorial essay: Covid-19 and protected and conserved areas | The COVID-19 pandemic is having a dramatic impact on the global community; on people’s lives and health, livelihoods, economies, and behaviours. Most zoonotic disease pandemics, including COVID-19, arise from the unsustainable exploitation of nature. This special editorial provides a snapshot of how protected and conserved areas around the world are being impacted by COVID-19. For many protected and conserved areas, negative impacts on management capacity, budgets and effectiveness are significant, as are impacts on the livelihoods of communities living in and around these areas. We provide a commentary on how effectively and equitably managed systems of protected and conserved areas can be part of a response to the pandemic that both lessens the chance of a recurrence of similar events and builds a more sustainable future for people and nature. We conclude the editorial with a Call for Action for the rescue, recovery, rebuilding and expansion of the global network of protected and conserved areas. © 2020, IUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature. All rights reserved. |
| COVID-19: An Appeal for an Intersectoral Approach to Tackle With the Emergency | The knowledge of disease determinants is a pre-requisite for disease prevention. Infectious diseases determinants can be classified in three ways, as: primary or secondary; intrinsic or extrinsic; and associated with host, agent, or environment. In the specific case of COVID-19 several of these determinants are currently unknown leading to difficulties in public health approach to this disease. In this paper, we attempt to address several of the current gaps on COVID-19 using a systematic analysis on recent findings and some preliminary knowledge on animal coronaviruses. A discussion on the impact of COVID-19 determinants in disease prevention and control will be based on the Environmental Change and Infectious Disease (EnVID) systemic framework to address several challenges that may affect the control of the SARS- CoV-2 pandemic spread both in industrialized and in developing Countries. © Copyright © 2020 Scagliarini and Alberti. |
| Ebola in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: One Health approach to infectious disease control | The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is facing its tenth outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD), in North-Kivu and Ituri provinces. This is the second most deadly EVD outbreak in history, after the one that occurred in West Africa in 2014. The DRC Ministry of Health (MoH), supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a range of regional and international partners, are implementing EVD response plans in these affected areas such as screening of suspect cases at points of entry, case detection, contact tracing, laboratory testing, case management and infection prevention and control, safe and dignified burials, ring vaccination (this involves vaccination of infected individuals, direct contacts of infected individuals and contacts of their contacts), and therapeutics, community mobilization and free access to healthcare services. Despite these efforts, there has been a sharp rise in the number of confirmed cases within the identified affected areas, and due to a number of challenges unique to DRC, there has been an expansion in the geographical extent of transmission. The significance of the proximity of these regions to wildlife and the Virunga National Park is questionable in the EVD transmission dynamics. The close interaction between human, animal, and environmental factors, in combination with high population movement due to regular rebel attacks in these regions, suggest the need for the integration of the One Health approach in the holistic response plans for control and prevention of EVD. This paper seeks to highlight the implications and importance of a One Health–based approach into the infectious diseases control program implementation in DRC. © 2019 The Authors | Article; Congo; disease control; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; environmental factor; epidemic; health care access; health care planning; health hazard; health program; health service; human; infection prevention; One Health; virus transmission; World Health Organization |
| One Health and Streptococcus Canis in the Emergency Department: A Case of Cellulitis and Bacteremia in an Immunocompromised Patient Treated With Etanercept | Background: One Health is a biomedical approach that aims to optimize the health of humans, animals, and the environment through interdisciplinary collaboration. Cellulitis is an infection of the dermis and subcutaneous fat that may be caused by zoonotic streptococci species. Case Report: We report a case of cellulitis caused by Streptococcus canis in a woman who was taking Etanercept. We frame the presentation within a One Health approach and urge emergency physicians to collaborate with veterinarians in the management of patients with zoonotic diseases who are discharged home. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?: Pets are a source for zoonotic diseases, including resistant bacteria, that pose particular risk to immunocompromised patients. Emergency physicians often discharge patients with potential zoonotic infections such as cellulitis home without a long-term, holistic care plan, according to a One Health approach. Physicians should then collaborate with veterinarians in caring for humans and animals. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. | Animals; Bacteremia; Cellulitis; Emergency Service, Hospital; Etanercept; Female; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; One Health; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; C reactive protein; cefalexin; cefazolin; etanercept; lactic acid; leflunomide; metformin; etanercept; aged; Article; bacteremia; bacterium culture; breathing rate; case report; cellulitis; clinical article; clinical feature; diabetes mellitus; edema; emergency ward; erythema; female; fever; heart rate; home care; human; human cell; immunocompromised patient; lactate blood level; leg pain; leukocytosis; matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; nausea and vomiting; nonhuman; priority journal; rheumatoid arthritis; skin abrasion; skin fissure; Streptococcus canis; very elderly; animal; bacteremia; cellulitis; hospital emergency service; microbiology; One Health; Streptococcus; Streptococcus infection |
| Is small scale dairy farming dying out? An In-depth study | Animal husbandry plays an important role in the Indian economy. Small scale milk producers contribute 62% of the total milk produced in the country. However, the lives and livelihoods of small dairy farmers are becoming vulnerable in India. Objectives: This article tried tried to explore the reasons of decrease in small scale dairy farms. Apart from that this article is also find out what were the challenges faced by small dairy farming families and its influence on animal health. Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was carried out in the peri-urban area of Hodal, Haryana. Purposive and snowball sampling were employed. Twenty-six in-depth interviews were conducted with current small scale dairy farmers, ex small scale dairy farmers, households, and other stakeholders. Results are presented in the form of core and sub-themes evolved during this process. Results: This study revealed that a small scale dairy farmer is present in peri-urban area, but there is a decrease in small scale dairy farming. The major reason is shrinking fringes, access to cattle provender, the tepid interest of future generation, increased cost of cattle, and cattle health. Conclusion: The study recommends that support (in the form of subsidy) should be provided to small scale dairy farmers for accessing land and provender. Awareness about the importance and scope of small scale dairy farming as a stable career opportunity should be spread among the young generation. © 2020 Indian Journal of Community Medicine | Published by Wolters Kluwer – Medknow. |
| Solving the Mystery of an Outbreak Using the One Health Concept | Zoonotic diseases pass between humans and other animals and are a major global health challenge. Lyme disease, SARS, swine flu, and Ebola are all examples of diseases spilling over to humans from other animals. Students may hear about these outbreaks in the news but learn very little about them in the classroom. We describe an activity designed to teach high school or college students about zoonotic disease outbreaks. This case-based lesson also introduces how habitat disruption can lead to far-reaching impacts on livestock and humans, often indirectly. Collaborative problem solving is used to explore the One Health concept and a real-world spillover event involving Hendra virus. Active learning using a “jigsaw” format to model the value of multiple stakeholders engages students in tracing the path of transmission for a pathogen. The scenario and class activity demonstrate how scientists and health professionals routinely work together to figure out the chain of transmission for a novel pathogen and use this information to limit the spread of disease. © 2020 National Association of Biology Teachers. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Reprints and Permissions web page, . |
| Analysis of prevention and control strategy of covid-19 epidemic in china based on the concept of “one health”: An opinion paper | Background: In December 2019, new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID – 19) was found in Wuhan, China. The current epidemic is spreading in China and even the world. The virus has the characteristics of strong infectivity, long incubation period, mainly spread by droplets, close contact. So far there is no specific drug treatment. There are nearly 100,000 confirmed cases worldwide. Methods: In the current severe situation of the epidemic, this paper uses the methods of literature, investigation and logical and so on. Results: According to the special environment of China, the concept of One Health is proposed for prevention and control. Under the leadership of the government, multiple functional departments and disciplines cooperate to exchange information, forming a working mechanism of efficient coordination, seamless connection, a combination of prevention and control, and coordination among the masses. Conclusion: The government should set up a department of “One Health” to promote the coordination and cooperation between multiple departments and disciplines. It is suggested: 1. Strengthening infectious disease medical personnel training and public health research; 2. To intervene in the psychological crisis of different groups;3. Provide security and logistic support for medical staff; 4. Guarantee the reserve of protective and medical materials;5. Vigilance and prevention and control of the “weak period” of the epidemic; 6. International opinion dominates. © 2020 A. CARBONE Editore. All rights reserved. | Article; China; coronavirus disease 2019; epidemic; health care quality; human; infection control; infection prevention; law; One Health; prevention and control; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
| Fight against rabies in Nepal: Immediate need for government intervention | [No abstract available] | rabies vaccine; Article; dog bite; government; human; Nepal; nonhuman; One Health; post exposure prophylaxis; pre-exposure prophylaxis; public health; rabies; vaccination |
| Animal welfare, One Health and emergency preparedness and response in the Asia-Pacific region | The Asia-Pacific region is vulnerable to a wide range of emergencies and natural disasters that are becoming more frequent because of seismic activity, climate change and changes in human development. For the rural poor in low-income settings, animals are valued beyond their financial worth as a fundamental part of human existence and livelihoods. Despite this recognition, animals are rarely included in national disaster plans and investments, and their needs are rarely factored into relief operations. Any natural disaster has short-term and long-term consequences that affect animals along with humans. For example, post-disaster community rehabilitation programmes may be strengthened by factors such as compensation for livestock losses. Emergency and disaster preparedness, response and recovery planning should follow the One Health approach by considering animal welfare, including rehabilitation and economic recovery. | Animal Welfare; Animals; Asia; Disaster Planning; Humans; One Health; Pacific Islands; animal; animal welfare; Asia; disaster planning; human; One Health; Pacific islands |
| Distribution of salmonella serovars in humans, foods, farm animals and environment, companion and wildlife animals in Singapore | We analyzed the epidemiological distribution of Salmonella serovars in humans, foods, animals and the environment as a One-Health step towards identifying risk factors for human salmonellosis. Throughout the 2012–2016 period, Salmonella ser. Enteritidis was consistently the predominating serovar attributing to >20.0% of isolates in humans. Other most common serovars in humans include Salmonella ser. Stanley, Salmonella ser. Weltevreden, Salmonella ser. Typhimurium and Salmonella ser. 4,5,12:b:-(dT+). S. Enteritidis was also the most frequent serovar found among the isolates from chicken/chicken products (28.5%) and eggs/egg products (61.5%) during the same period. In contrast, S. Typhimurium (35.2%) and Salmonella ser. Derby (18.8%) were prevalent in pork/pork products. S. Weltevreden was more frequent in seafood (19.2%) than others (≤3.0%). Most isolates (>80.0%) from farms, companion and wildlife animals belonged to serovars other than S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium. Findings demonstrate the significance of a One-Health investigative approach to understand the epidemiology Salmonella for more effective and integrated surveillance systems. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | Animals; Animals, Domestic; Chickens; Food Contamination; Humans; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Serogroup; Singapore; Singapore [Southeast Asia]; Animalia; Salmonella; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella typhimurium; bacterial disease; bacterium; epidemiology; risk factor; spatial distribution; animal husbandry; Article; bacterium isolate; environment; food; geographic distribution; human; meat; nonhuman; One Health; risk factor; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis; Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; Salmonella serovars; salmonellosis; sea food; Singapore; wildlife; animal; chicken; domestic animal; food contamination; isolation and purification; microbiology; salmonellosis; serotype |
| Challenges and Opportunities in the Use of High and Maximum Biocontainment Facilities in Developing and Licensing Risk Group 3 and Risk Group 4 Agent Veterinary Vaccines | New solutions are necessary for the singular global health security threat formed by endemic, epidemic, and emerging/re-emerging zoonoses, coupled with epizootic and enzootic transboundary animal diseases (TADs). This One Health issue is related to the daily interactions between wildlife, domesticated and indigenous livestock, and humans primarily associated with global trade, transboundary co-movement of humans and diverse livestock/livestock products, and agriculture production intensification and penetration into previously uninhabited areas. The World Health Organization defines Risk Group 3 (RG-3) and RG-4 pathogens as mainly viruses but also bacteria that serve as the foundation for approximately 60% of emerging infectious diseases that are zoonoses. The World Organisation for Animal Health defines trade-notifiable TADs, and subsets of these are zoonotic. Livestock vaccination policies mainly focus on TADs that are promulgated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and government agriculture agencies. The development, licensure, and product manufacturing of next-generation molecular-based RG-3 and RG-4 veterinary vaccines largely ignored by the global animal health biopharmaceutical sector can have an important positive impact on food security and One Health. There have been sharp increases in the global demand for livestock meat and milk products, especially in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. This relatively recent market driver – coupled with scientific advances in human EID and zoonotic disease vaccine platform technologies and increases in the number of high (US biosafety level 3 agriculture) and maximum (US animal biosafety level 4) biocontainment facilities with supporting workforce capabilities – offers new investment opportunities to the animal health biopharmaceutical sector. Moreover, a growing number of One Health public-private partnerships have moved the net present value calculus in favor of the financial feasibility of RG-3 and RG-4 veterinary vaccine product development and licensure. This article highlights the challenges and opportunities in the use of high and maximum biocontainment facilities in developing and licensing RG-3 and RG-4 veterinary vaccines that are safe and effective against epizootic and enzootic TADs and zoonotic diseases. © 2021 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2021. | Animal Diseases; Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Livestock; Vaccines; Zoonoses; vaccine; animal; animal disease; communicable disease; livestock; zoonosis |
| A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the interrelationships between chemical and non-chemical stressors and inherent characteristics in children with ADHD | Children may be more vulnerable to the combined interactions of chemical and non-chemical stressors from their built, natural, and social environments when compared to adults. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed childhood neurodevelopmental disorder and is considered a major public health issue, as 75% of childhood cases persist into adulthood. ADHD is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, with the neurotransmitter serotonin regulating these symptoms. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) aids in serotonin uptake and is often implicated in behavioral and emotional disorders, including ADHD. When children are exposed to cigarette smoke, bisphenol A (BPA), or organophosphate pesticides, MAOA activity is inhibited. Non-chemical stressors, such as traumatic childhood experiences, and lifestyle factors, complicate the relationship between genotype and exposures to chemical stressors. But the co-occurrence among outcomes between exposures to chemical stressors, non-chemical stressors, and the low activity MAOA genotype suggest that mental illness in children may be influenced by multiple interacting factors. In this systematic review, we examine the existing literature that combines exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors (specifically childhood trauma), MAOA characteristics, and ADHD diagnosis to investigate the interrelationships present. We observe that chemical (lead [Pb], phthalates/plasticizers, persistent organic pollutants, and cigarette smoke) exposure is significantly related to ADHD in children. We also observed that existing literature examining the interaction between MAOA, exposures to chemical stressors, and traumatic experiences and their effect on ADHD outcomes is sparse. We recommend that future studies investigating childhood ADHD include chemical and non-chemical stressors and inherent characteristics to gain a holistic understanding of childhood mental health outcomes. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. | Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Environmental Pollutants; Genotype; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Life Style; Monoamine Oxidase; Stress, Physiological; 4,4′ isopropylidenediphenol; amine oxidase (flavin containing) isoenzyme A; cigarette smoke; organophosphate pesticide; phthalic acid; plasticizer; serotonin; amine oxidase (flavin containing); child health; genotype; lifestyle; mental health; meta-analysis; nervous system disorder; physicochemical property; public health; symptom; attention deficit disorder; chemical stress; child; childhood trauma; data extraction; environmental exposure; environmental factor; human; information retrieval; Medline; mental health; meta analysis (topic); persistent organic pollutant; priority journal; serotonin uptake; social environment; systematic review; Web of Science; adult; genetics; genotype; impulsiveness; lifestyle; meta analysis; metabolism; physiological stress; pollutant; toxicity |
| Brucellosis in India: results of a collaborative workshop to define One Health priorities | Brucellosis is an important zoonosis worldwide. In livestock, it frequently causes chronic disease with reproductive failures that contribute to production losses, and in humans, it causes an often-chronic febrile illness that is frequently underdiagnosed in many low- and middle-income countries, including India. India has one of the largest ruminant populations in the world, and brucellosis is endemic in the country in both humans and animals. In November 2017, the International Livestock Research Institute invited experts from government, national research institutes, universities, and different international organizations to a one-day meeting to set priorities towards a “One Health” control strategy for brucellosis in India. Using a risk prioritization exercise followed by discussions, the meeting agreed on the following priorities: collaboration (transboundary and transdisciplinary); collection of more epidemiological evidence in humans, cattle, and in small ruminants (which have been neglected in past research); Economic impact studies, including cost effectiveness of control programmes; livestock vaccination, including national facilities for securing vaccines for the cattle population; management of infected animals (with the ban on bovine slaughter, alternatives such as sanctuaries must be explored); laboratory capacities and diagnostics (quality must be assured and better rapid tests developed); and increased awareness, making farmers, health workers, and the general public more aware of risks of brucellosis and zoonoses in general. Overall, the meeting participants agreed that brucellosis control will be challenging in India, but with collaboration to address the priority areas listed here, it could be possible. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V. | Animals; Brucellosis; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Communicable Disease Control; Goat Diseases; Goats; Health Priorities; Humans; India; One Health; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Zoonoses; animal; bovine; bovine brucellosis; brucellosis; communicable disease control; economics; goat; goat disease; health care planning; human; India; One Health; procedures; sheep; sheep disease; veterinary medicine; zoonosis |
| Molecular epidemiology of Leptospira noguchii reveals important insights into a One Health context | Leptospirosis presents a complex and dynamic epidemiology. Bovine leptospirosis has been described as a major infectious disease impairing reproductive efficiency. Although infections by Leptospira interrogans, L. santarosai and L. borgpetersenii are frequently reported in cattle, the presence of L. noguchii in these animals should not be neglected. In this study, we describe serological (MAT) and molecular characterization (rrs and secY gene sequencing, multilocus sequence typing [MLST] and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]) of eight L. noguchii strains obtained from slaughtered cows. Intraspecific genetic diversity was evaluated, and haplotype networks were constructed based on hosts and geographical localizations. Strains were characterized as belonging to serogroups Australis, Autumnalis and Panama, and molecular characterization showed a high heterogeneity of these strains. Ten different STs were found (including nine new STs and 39 novel alleles) as well as nine different pulsotypes. Two clonal complexes were found. Phylogenetic trees based on secY locus and concatenated MLST loci showed two main clusters, with sequences from the present study included in the first. In general, there was no relationship between the geographical origin and the secY phylogenetic clusters, as well as between secY phylogenetic clusters and serogroups. Molecular diversity indexes confirmed a high variability (H > 0.8). This high intraspecific variation observed may be related to differences in virulence, pathogenicity and antigenicity or even adaptability of the strains. In addition, haplotype networks clearly demonstrated the circulation of genotypes between humans and animals, confirming the zoonotic potential. The present study provides relevant data for the study of leptospirosis in the One Health context, where human, animal and environmental health is closely connected. © 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH | Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Female; Genotype; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Molecular Epidemiology; Multilocus Sequence Typing; One Health; Panama; Phylogeny; Serogroup; Virulence; Zoonoses; SecY protein; agglutination test; Article; bacterial strain; cow; DNA sequence; female; gene locus; genetic variability; geographic distribution; haplotype; Leptospira; Leptospira noguchii; leptospirosis; molecular epidemiology; multilocus sequence typing; nonhuman; phylogenetic tree; pulsed field gel electrophoresis; sequence homology; serotype; urinalysis; animal; bacterium identification; bovine; cattle disease; classification; genetics; genotype; human; immunology; leptospirosis; microbiology; molecular epidemiology; One Health; Panama; pathogenicity; phylogeny; veterinary medicine; virulence; zoonosis |
| High genomic diversity and heterogenous origins of pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant escherichia coli in household settings represent a challenge to reducing transmission in low-income settings | Escherichia coli is present in multiple hosts and environmental compartments as a normal inhabitant, temporary or persistent colonizer, and as a pathogen. Transmission of E. coli between hosts and with the environment is considered to occur more often in areas with poor sanitation. We performed whole-genome comparative analyses on 60 E. coli isolates from soils and fecal sources (cattle, chickens, and humans) in households in rural Bangladesh. Isolates from household soils were in multiple branches of the reconstructed phylogeny, intermixed with isolates from fecal sources. Pairwise differences between all strain pairs were large (minimum, 189 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]), suggesting high diversity and heterogeneous origins of the isolates. The presence of multiple virulence and antibiotic resistance genes is indicative of the risk that E. coli from soil and feces represent for the transmission of variants that pose potential harm to people. Analysis of the accessory genomes of the Bangladeshi E. coli relative to E. coli genomes available in NCBI identified a common pool of accessory genes shared among E. coli isolates in this geographic area. Together, these findings indicate that in rural Bangladesh, a high level of E. coli in soil is likely driven by contributions from multiple and diverse E. coli sources (human and animal) that share an accessory gene pool relatively unique to previously published E. coli genomes. Thus, interventions to reduce environmental pathogen or antimicrobial resistance transmission should adopt integrated One Health approaches that consider heterogeneous origins and high diversity to improve effectiveness and reduce prevalence and transmission. IMPORTANCE Escherichia coli is reported in high levels in household soil in lowincome settings. When E. coli reaches a soil environment, different mechanisms, including survival, clonal expansion, and genetic exchange, have the potential to either maintain or generate E. coli variants with capabilities of causing harm to people. In this study, we used whole-genome sequencing to identify that E. coli isolates collected from rural Bangladeshi household soils, including pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant variants, are diverse and likely originated from multiple diverse sources. In addition, we observed specialization of the accessory genome of this Bangladeshi E. coli compared to E. coli genomes available in current sequence databases. Thus, to address the high level of pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant E. coli transmission in lowincome settings, interventions should focus on addressing the heterogeneous origins and high diversity. © 2020 Montealegre et al. | Animals; Bangladesh; Cattle; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Family Characteristics; Feces; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Poverty; Sanitation; Soil Microbiology; Virulence Factors; virulence factor; antibiotic resistance; article; bacterial virulence; Bangladesh; chicken; Escherichia coli; feces; gene pool; gene transfer; genetic association; household; human; human versus nonhuman data; infectious agent; lowest income group; nonhuman; One Health; phylogeny; prevalence; sequence database; single nucleotide polymorphism; soil treatment; specialization; whole genome sequencing; animal; bacterial genome; bovine; drug effect; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli infection; family size; genetic variation; genetics; genomics; microbial sensitivity test; microbiology; multidrug resistance; pathogenicity; poverty; sanitation |
| Monitoring the presence of trypanosomes’ DNA – Including Trypanosoma brucei gambiense DNA – From the midguts of riverine Glossina trapped in the south east outskirts of Kinshasa City (Democratic Republic of Congo) | Even if the number of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) cases from Kinshasa province in DRC is going towards elimination for the last decade, cases still occur in the periphery of the city. The diagnosis of 21 cases in the south periphery of Kinshasa, between 2015 and 2017 gives evidence of the existence of an active focus in this area. Here, we present the results of a punctual entomological survey that was realized in july 2014 in the outskirts of the southeast of Kinshasa. Using pyramidal traps, we caught tsetse flies during 2 days, dissecting the fresh ones for further molecular analysis. The average Apparent Density of flies per Trap and per Day was three with a maximum of 5.6 flies in Nganda PIO. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the midguts provided evidence of a high prevalence (57.2%) of infected flies. Ninety three percent of the trypanosomes that were identified belonged to the Nanomonas species, but Trypanozoon trypanosomes were also present in 24% of the infected flies, including mixed infections with Nanomonas, including 3 flies carrying Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the human pathogen of trypanosomiasis. These results show that at the time of the field’s study there was an active reservoir of trypanosomes, closed to pigsties, knowing that pig is a potential animal reservoir. It also demonstrates that xenomonitoring using the entomological approach can be an efficient tool for monitoring sleeping sickness. Finally, results are discussed in the frame of WHO’s HAT elimination project. Regarding Kinshasa, it points out the need of regular epidemiologic surveys. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. | Animals; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Disease Reservoirs; DNA, Protozoan; Evolution, Molecular; Gastrointestinal Tract; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Trypanosoma; Trypanosoma brucei gambiense; Trypanosomiasis; Tsetse Flies; protozoal DNA; protozoal DNA; African trypanosomiasis; animal tissue; Article; controlled study; Democratic Republic Congo; disease carrier; female; Glossina; male; midgut; monitoring; Nanomonas; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; Trypanosoma; Trypanosoma brucei gambiense; trypanosomiasis; Trypanozoon; xenomonitoring; animal; classification; gastrointestinal tract; genetics; Glossinidae; isolation and purification; molecular evolution; parasitology; phylogeny; prevalence; Trypanosoma brucei gambiense; trypanosomiasis |
| Approaching ancient disease from a One Health perspective: Interdisciplinary review for the investigation of zoonotic brucellosis | Today, brucellosis is the most common global bacterial zoonosis, bringing with it a range of significant health and economic consequences, yet it is rarely identified from the archaeological record. Detection and understanding of past zoonoses could be improved by triangulating evidence and proxies generated through different approaches. The complex socioecological systems that support zoonoses involve humans, animals, and pathogens interacting within specific environmental and cultural contexts, and as such, there is a diversity of potential datasets that can be targeted. To capture this, in this paper, we consider how to approach the study of zoonotic brucellosis in the past from a One Health perspective, one which explicitly acknowledges the health link between people, animals, and environments (both physical and cultural). One Health research is explicitly interdisciplinary and conceptually moves away from an anthropocentric approach, allowing the component parts to be considered in holistic and integrated ways to deliver more comprehensive understanding. To this end, in this paper, we review the methods, selected evidence, and potential for past brucellosis identification and understanding, focussing on osteological markers in humans and animals, historical, biomolecular, and epidemiological approaches. We also present an agenda and potential for future research. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
| Food-to-Humans Bacterial Transmission | Microorganisms vehiculated by food might benefit health, cause minimal change within the equilibrium of the host microbial community or be associated with foodborne diseases. In this chapter we will focus on human pathogenic bacteria for which food is conclusively demonstrated as their transmission mode to human. We will describe the impact of foodborne diseases in public health, the reservoirs of foodborne pathogens (the environment, human and animals), the main bacterial pathogens and food vehicles causing human diseases, and the drivers for the transmission of foodborne diseases related to the food-chain, host or bacteria features. The implication of food-chain (foodborne pathogens and commensals) in the transmission of resistance to antibiotics relevant to the treatment of human infections is also evidenced. The multiplicity and interplay of drivers related to intensification, diversification and globalization of food production, consumer health status, preferences, lifestyles or behaviors, and bacteria adaptation to different challenges (stress tolerance and antimicrobial resistance) from farm to human, make the prevention of bacteria-food-human transmission a modern and continuous challenge. A global One Health approach is mandatory to better understand and minimize the transmission pathways of human pathogens, including multidrug-resistant pathogens and commensals, through food-chain. © 2020. American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved. | Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Consumer Behavior; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Feeding Behavior; Food; Food Chain; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Food Supply; Foodborne Diseases; Health Status; Humans; Life Style; Public Health; Risk Factors; Zoonoses; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial strain; bacterial transmission; catering service; clone; commensal; consumer; disease surveillance; food chain; food industry; food poisoning; foodborne pathogen; foodborne transmission; health status; human; infection prevention; lifestyle; mobile genetic element; multiplicity of infection; nonhuman; One Health; physiological stress; public health; risk behavior; species diversity; animal; bacterial infection; bacterium; consumer attitude; drug effect; feeding behavior; food; food contamination; food control; food poisoning; genetics; microbiology; pathogenicity; risk factor; zoonosis |
| Health assessment of wild lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) in the highly threatened cerrado biome, Brazil | Over 2 yr, we assessed the health of 35 lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) in the Brazilian Cerrado (CE) biome, an area that is highly affected by human activities. This involved physical examinations, hematology and blood biochemistry, urinalysis, fecal parasitologic evaluation, microbial profiling of anatomic cavities and lesions, and serologic surveys for evidence of infectious agents. Research methods closely resembled those used in previous tapir health assessments in the Atlantic Forest (AF) and Pantanal (PA) biomes, allowing for a comparison among the three populations. Although not reaching statistical significance (P>0.05), tapirs from the CE exhibited poorer body and skin condition as compared to animals from the AF and PA. Furthermore, there were higher prevalences of dental problems and traumatic lesions as compared to those from the AF and PA. Eight of the 12 hematologic parameters evaluated and 17 of the 30 biochemical parameters differed significantly (P<0.05) between the tapirs from CE and those from the AF and PA. We isolated 24 different microbiologic strains from swabs of anatomic cavities and dermal lesions, of which five taxa had not previously been found in the AF or PA. We detected serum antibodies to Leptospira interrogans, bluetongue virus, and porcine parvovirus. Overall, our results suggested that tapirs from the CE exhibited more health abnormalities than tapirs in the AF and PA, possibly due to a greater exposure to environmental disturbances in the area. © Wildlife Disease Association 2020. | Animals; Bacterial Infections; Brazil; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Perissodactyla; Urinalysis; animal; animal parasitosis; bacterial infection; blood; Brazil; ecosystem; environmental protection; microbiology; parasitology; Perissodactyla; urinalysis; urine; veterinary medicine |
