| Titles | Abstract | Indexed Keywords | Author Keywords |
| Estimating the financial impact of livestock schistosomiasis on traditional subsistence and transhumance farmers keeping cattle, sheep and goats in northern Senegal | Background: Schistosomiasis is a disease that poses major threats to human and animal health, as well as the economy, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Whilst many studies have evaluated the economic impact of schistosomiasis in humans, to date only one has been performed in livestock in SSA and none in Senegal. This study aimed to estimate the financial impact of livestock schistosomiasis in selected regions of Senegal. Methods: Stochastic partial budget models were developed for traditional ruminant farmers in 12 villages in northern Senegal. The models were parameterised using data from a cross-sectional survey, focus group discussions, scientific literature and available statistics. Two scenarios were defined: scenario 1 modelled a situation in which farmers tested and treated their livestock for schistosomiasis, whilst scenario 2 modelled a situation in which there were no tests or treatment. The model was run with 10,000 iterations for 1 year; results were expressed in West African CFA francs (XOF; 1 XOF was equivalent to 0.0014 GBP at the time of analysis). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of uncertain variables on the disease costs. Results: Farmers surveyed were aware of schistosomiasis in their ruminant livestock and reported hollowing around the eyes, diarrhoea and weight loss as the most common clinical signs in all species. For scenario 1, the median disease costs per year and head of cattle, sheep and goats were estimated at 13,408 XOF, 27,227 XOF and 27,694 XOF, respectively. For scenario 2, the disease costs per year and head of cattle, sheep and goats were estimated at 49,296 XOF, 70,072 XOF and 70,281 XOF, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the financial impact of livestock schistosomiasis on traditional subsistence and transhumance farmers is substantial. Consequently, treating livestock schistosomiasis has the potential to generate considerable benefits to farmers and their families. Given the dearth of data in this region, our study serves as a foundation for further in-depth studies to provide estimates of disease impact and as a baseline for future economic analyses. This will also enable One Health economic studies where the burden on both humans and animals is estimated and included in cross-sectoral cost–benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of disease control strategies. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Cattle; Cross-Sectional Studies; Farmers; Goats; Humans; Livestock; Schistosomiasis; Senegal; Sheep; adult; agricultural worker; Article; body weight loss; bovine; budget; cost; cross-sectional study; diarrhea; female; financial management; goat; human; male; middle aged; risk factor; schistosomiasis; Senegal; sheep; sustenance; traditional subsistence farmer; transhumance farmer; West African; agricultural worker; animal; bovine; goat; livestock; schistosomiasis; sheep; veterinary medicine | Disease control; Financial impact; Livestock; NTDs; One Health; Partial budget analysis; Praziquantel; Schistosomiasis; Senegal; Subsistence farming |
| Using the Kolb’s experiential learning cycle to explore the extent of application of one health competencies to solving global health challenges; a tracer study among AFROHUN-Uganda alumni | Background: The Africa One Health University Network (AFROHUN) with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), has since 2012 conducted pre and in-service One health (OH) trainings with the objective of improving global health security. These trainings aim to build competencies that, enhance a multidisciplinary approach to solving global health challenges. Despite the investment in OH trainings, there is limited documentation of the extent of acquisition and application of the OH competencies at workplaces. This tracer study explored the extent of acquisition and application of the OH competencies by the AFROHUN-Uganda alumni. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a random sample of 182 AFROHUN-Uganda alumni of 2013–2018 cohorts. A blended approach of interviewer-administered and self-administered questionnaires was used. Virtual platforms such as Zoom, Microsoft teams, and Skype, and phone interviews were used to collect data when face-to-face interactions with alumni were not possible. Data were collected electronically, either through a link or with the aid of the KoboCollect mobile application, pre-installed on android enabled devices, and analysed using STATA14.0. Results: The majority of respondents, 78.6% (143/182) had jobs that required application of OH knowledge and skills, 95.6% (174/182) had learned employable skills from OH activities and 89.6% (163/182) had applied such skills when searching for employment. About 21.7% (34/180) to a very high extent required OH field-specific theoretical knowledge at their workplaces, 27.4% (43/80) to a very high extent required OH field-specific practical knowledge/skills, 42.7% (67/180) to a high extent required a change in attitude and perceptions towards working with people from different disciplines, 49.0% (77/180) required collaboration and networking skills, and more than half, 51.0% (80/180) required team building skills. Conclusions: The majority of OH alumni to a very high extent acquired and applied OH competences such as teamwork, effective communication, community entry and engagement, report writing and problem-solving skills. This study revealed the significant contribution of the AFROHUN Uganda OH activities towards supportive work environments, and highlights areas of improvement such as supporting the trainees to acquire people-management skills, innovation, and an entrepreneurial mind set. © 2022, The Author(s). | Cross-Sectional Studies; Global Health; Humans; One Health; Problem-Based Learning; Uganda; Universities; Uganda; health education; knowledge; learning; perception; public health; workplace; adult; alumnus; Article; attitude to change; attitude to health; cohort analysis; competence; cross-sectional study; data analysis; employment; experiential learning; female; global health; human; human experiment; information processing; interpersonal communication; male; mobile application; normal human; One Health; problem solving; questionnaire; team building; teamwork; telephone interview; Uganda; work environment; workplace; global health; problem based learning; university | Competences; Experiential learning; Global health challenges; One health; Tracer study |
| Morbidity and mortality in elderly dogs – a model for human aging | Over the last decades, canines have experienced a marked increase in their lifespan, mirroring human populations. Several authors have pointed out the domestic dog as a suitable animal model for geropathology translational research. The aim of this study is to assess age-related morbidities and mortality in a population of 269 elderly canines (130 males and 139 females) submitted to necropsy. The organic systems exhibiting the higher number of age-related morbidities were the reproductive, cardiovascular and urinary systems and, in females, also the mammary gland. The prevalence of cardiovascular and urinary disease was significantly higher in males and mammary lesions were exclusively found in females. Urinary disease was more frequent in small breeds dogs, while peritoneum and male genital morbidities were significantly higher in larger breeds. Hyperplastic and degenerative lesions were common morbidities found in this elderly dog population. The main cause of death was neoplasia, which accounted for almost half of the deaths. Cardiovascular and urinary pathology also emerged as a frequent cause of mortality. These findings partially parallel data obtained for human species, displaying cancer and cardiovascular pathology as major causes of disease and death in elderlies. Our data reinforce the potential of the domestic dog for further translational investigations on gerontology, meeting the concept of One Health. © 2022, The Author(s). | Aged; Aging; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Humans; Longevity; Male; Neoplasms; Prevalence; aging; animal model; animal tissue; Article; autopsy; body weight; breed; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular system; cause of death; central nervous system; cohort analysis; digestive system; dog; endocrine system; female; genital system; gerontology; heart failure; hematopoietic system; histopathology; inflammation; injury; lifespan; liver; male; male genital system; malignant neoplasm; mammary gland; morbidity; mortality; musculoskeletal system; neoplasm; nervous system; nonhuman; One Health; pancreas; pathology; peritoneum; respiratory system; retrospective study; skin; translational research; urinary tract disease; urogenital system; aged; aging; animal; dog; dog disease; human; longevity; neoplasm; prevalence; veterinary medicine | Aging; Animal model; Canine; Geropathology; Morbidity; Mortality; Necropsy; One health |
| Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a dog with hemorrhagic diarrhea | Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has infected several animal species, including dogs, presumably via human-to-animal transmission. Most infected dogs reported were asymptomatic, with low viral loads. However, in this case we detected SARS-CoV-2 in a dog from the North African coastal Spanish city of Ceuta presenting hemorrhagic diarrhea, a disease also reported earlier on in an infected dog from the USA. Case presentation: In early January 2021, a West Highland Terrier pet dog from Ceuta (Spain) presented hemorrhagic diarrhea with negative tests for candidate microbial pathogens. Since the animal was in a household whose members suffered SARS-CoV-2 in December 2020, dog feces were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2, proving positive in a two-tube RT-PCR test, with confirmation by sequencing a 399-nucleotide region of the spike (S) gene. Furthermore, next-generation sequencing (NGS) covered > 90% SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence, allowing to classify it as variant B.1.177. Remarkably, the sequence revealed the Ile402Val substitution in the spike protein (S), of potential concern because it mapped in the receptor binding domain (RBD) that mediates virus interaction with the cell. NGS reads mapping to bacterial genomes showed that the dog fecal microbiome fitted best the characteristic microbiome of dog’s acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. Conclusion: Our findings exemplify dog infection stemming from the human SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, providing nearly complete-genome sequencing of the virus, which is recognized as belonging to the B.1.177 variant, adding knowledge on variant circulation in a geographic region and period for which there was little viral variant characterization. A single amino acid substitution found in the S protein that could have been of concern is excluded to belong to this category given its rarity and intrinsic nature. The dog’s pathology suggests that SARS-CoV-2 could affect the gastrointestinal tract of the dog. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; COVID-19; Diarrhea; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Nucleotides; SARS-CoV-2; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; coronavirus spike glycoprotein; nucleotide; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2; amplicon; animal experiment; Article; blood biochemistry; blood cell count; bloody diarrhea; colonoscopy; coronavirus disease 2019; dog; feces; feces microflora; gastrointestinal tract; gene sequence; high throughput sequencing; histopathology; household; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; One Health; real time polymerase chain reaction; Sanger sequencing; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; virus detection; virus load; zoonosis; animal; case report; diarrhea; dog disease; genetics; human; veterinary medicine | B.1.177; Dog COVID-19; Ile402Val S protein substitution; One Health; SARS-CoV-2; Zoonosis |
| Experiences and perceptions of care-seeking for febrile illness among caregivers, pregnant women, and health providers in eight districts of Madagascar | Background: Prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria contributes to reduced morbidity, particularly among children and pregnant women; however, in Madagascar, care-seeking for febrile illness is often delayed. To describe factors influencing decisions for prompt care-seeking among caregivers of children aged < 15 years and pregnant women, a mixed-methods assessment was conducted with providers (HP), community health volunteers (CHV) and community members. Methods: One health district from each of eight malaria-endemic zones of Madagascar were purposefully selected based on reported higher malaria transmission. Within districts, one urban and one rural community were randomly selected for participation. In-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with caregivers, pregnant women, CHVs and HPs in these 16 communities to describe practices and, for HPs, system characteristics that support or inhibit care-seeking. Knowledge tests on malaria case management guidelines were administered to HPs, and logistics management systems were reviewed. Results: Participants from eight rural and eight urban communities included 31 HPs from 10 public and 8 private Health Facilities (HF), five CHVs, 102 caregivers and 90 pregnant women. All participants in FGDs and IDIs reported that care-seeking for fever is frequently delayed until the ill person does not respond to home treatment or symptoms become more severe. Key care-seeking determinants for caregivers and pregnant women included cost, travel time and distance, and perception that the quality of care in HFs was poor. HPs felt that lack of commodities and heavy workloads hindered their ability to provide quality malaria care services. Malaria commodities were generally more available in public versus private HFs. CHVs were generally not consulted for malaria care and had limited commodities. Conclusions: Reducing cost and travel time to care and improving the quality of care may increase prompt care-seeking among vulnerable populations experiencing febrile illness. For patients, perceptions and quality of care could be improved with more reliable supplies, extended HF operating hours and staffing, supportive demeanors of HPs and seeking care with CHVs. For providers, malaria services could be improved by increasing the reliability of supply chains and providing additional staffing. CHVs may be an under-utilized resource for sick children. © 2022, The Author(s). | Caregivers; Child; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Malaria; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Reproducibility of Results; adolescent; Article; caregiver; child; community; female; fever; health care; health care cost; health care facility; health care personnel; health care quality; health service; help seeking behavior; home care; human; information processing; interview; Madagascar; malaria; One Health; perception; personal experience; practice guideline; pregnant woman; professional knowledge; public health; reliability; rural population; social determinants of health; symptomatology; travel; urban population; volunteer; workload; caregiver; malaria; patient attitude; pregnancy; reproducibility | Care-seeking; Community; Febrile illness; Madagascar; Malaria; Pregnant women |
| FEAMR: A Database for Surveillance of Food and Environment-Associated Antimicrobial Resistance | The rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a serious health problem on an unprecedented global scale. AMR is predicted to kill more than 10 million people annually by 2050 leading to huge economic losses worldwide. Therefore, urgent action is required at the national as well as international levels to avert this looming crisis. Effective surveillance can play an important role in the containment of AMR spread by providing data to help determine AMR hotspots, predict an outbreak, maintain proper stewardship and propose immediate and future plans of action in this respect. Although many existing databases provide genetic and molecular information on AMR in microorganisms, there is no dedicated database of AMR from non-clinical samples. The FEAMR database is a one-of-its-kind database to provide manually collated and curated information on the prevalence of AMR in food and the environment. For designing the FEAMR webpage, Microsoft Visual Studio with HTML, CSS, ASP.NET, Bootstrap for the front-end and C# for the back-end were used. The FEAMR database is a free access resource (https://feamrudbt-amrlab.mu.ac.in/), accepting verified food- and environment-related AMR submissions from across the globe. To the best of our knowledge, it is probably the first database providing AMR-related surveillance data from non-clinical samples. It is designed from the ‘One Health Approach’ perspective to help in the containment of global AMR spread. Graphical Abstract: Flowsheet of steps for making FEAMR database 1. Research articles relating to Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) were searched on the internet. 2. Data relating to AMR were retrieved from these articles and stored in an MS-Excel sheet. 3. The web pages of the FEAMR database (DB) were created using Microsoft Visual Studio (MVS) and its various tools. HTML, CSS, ASP.NET and Bootstrap were used for the front end and C# used for the back-end of the website. 4. The DB of FEAMR was created using MS SQL Server which was controlled by SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS). 5. The data from the MS-Excel sheet in step 2 was stored in the SQL server and displayed on the web page using GridView tool of MVS and C#. The database created was then uploaded on the University of Mumbai (UoM) website, where it can be accessed by all users having the link to the DB (https://feamrudbt-amrlab.mu.ac.in/). [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2022, International Association of Scientists in the Interdisciplinary Areas. | Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; antiinfective agent; antibiotic resistance; human | Antibiotics; Antimicrobial resistance; Database; FEAMR; One Health; Pandemic; Surveillance; Zoonotic |
| Feline Toxoplasmosis in Greece: A Countrywide Seroprevalence Study and Associated Risk Factors | Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic parasite, with felines being the only definitive hosts. Cats shed oocysts with their faeces, and seroprevalence studies can be used to indirectly assess the environmental contamination. The current study aimed to evaluate T. gondii seroprevalence in Greek cats and identify possible risk factors. In total, 1554 blood samples were analyzed from different cats across all nine geographic regions of Greece, and a short questionnaire was completed for each cat. A rapid immunochromatographic test was used to detect anti-T. gondii antibodies, IgG type, and 21.8% of cats were seropositive. Regarding risk factors, when chi-square tests were applied, seropositivity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in rural cats, cats with outdoor access, and hunting cats. Gender, age, ownership, and raw feeding were not significant risk factors, although female, adult, stray, and raw-feeding cats had a higher seroprevalence than their counterparts. Binary logistic regression models were developed to adjust for the confounding effects of the initially recognized risk factors, and only hunting in urban areas remained a significant risk factor. Greek cats had lower seropositivity than the average European value, and the present research highlights the importance of updated seroprevalence and risk factor studies within the context of One-Health. © 2022 by the authors. | agglutination test; animal experiment; animal hunting; animal tissue; animal welfare; antibody titer; Article; blood sampling; body weight; celiac disease; domestic cat; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; feeding; feline toxoplasmosis; female; humoral immunity; immunoaffinity chromatography; male; nonhuman; oocyst; population density; risk factor; seasonal variation; seroprevalence; urban area; vaccination; virus transmission | antibodies; cats; Greece; IgG; immunochromatographic test; One Health; risk factors; seroprevalence; Toxoplasma gondii |
| Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) Exposure in Smallholder Dairy Cattle in Tanzania | Q fever is a zoonotic disease, resulting from infection with Coxiella burnetii. Infection in cattle can cause abortion and infertility, however, there is little epidemiological information regarding the disease in dairy cattle in Tanzania. Between July 2019 and October 2020, a serosurvey was conducted in six high dairy producing regions of Tanzania. Cattle sera were tested for antibodies to C. burnetii using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A mixed effect logistic regression model identified risk factors associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. A total of 79 out of 2049 dairy cattle tested positive with an overall seroprevalence of 3.9% (95% CI 3.06–4.78) across the six regions with the highest seroprevalence in Tanga region (8.21%, 95% CI 6.0–10.89). Risk factors associated with seropositivity included: extensive feeding management (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.25–3.77), and low precipitation below 1000 mm (OR 2.76, 95% 1.37–7.21). The disease seroprevalence is relatively low in the high dairy cattle producing regions of Tanzania. Due to the zoonotic potential of the disease, future efforts should employ a “One Health” approach to understand the epidemiology, and for interdisciplinary control to reduce the impacts on animal and human health. © 2022 by the authors. | antibody; active surveillance; adult; animal experiment; antibody blood level; Article; blood sampling; controlled study; Coxiella burnetii; cross-sectional study; dairy cattle; dry season; exposure; feeding; female; human; indirect ELISA; infection risk; logistic regression analysis; male; nonhuman; One Health; pilot study; precipitation; Q fever; risk assessment; risk factor; risk reduction; seroprevalence; Tanzania | Coxiella burnetii; coxiellosis; dairy cattle; Q fever; seroprevalence; Tanzania |
| One Digital Health for more FAIRness | Background One Digital Health (ODH) aims to propose a framework that merges One Health’s and Digital Health’s specific features into an innovative landscape. FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles consider applications and computational agents (or, in other terms, data, metadata, and infrastructures) as stakeholders with the capacity to find, access, interoperate, and reuse data with none or minimal human intervention. Objectives This paper aims to elicit how the ODH framework is compliant with FAIR principles and metrics, providing some thinking guide to investigate and define whether adapted metrics need to be figured out for an effective ODH Intervention setup. Methods An integrative analysis of the literature was conducted to extract instances of the need-or of the eventual already existing deployment-of FAIR principles, for each of the three layers (keys, perspectives and dimensions) of the ODH framework. The scope was to assess the extent of scatteredness in pursuing the many facets of FAIRness, descending from the lack of a unifying and balanced framework. Results A first attempt to interpret the different technological components existing in the different layers of the ODH framework, in the light of the FAIR principles, was conducted. Although the mature and working examples of workflows for data FAIRification processes currently retrievable in the literature provided a robust ground to work on, a nonsuitable capacity to fully assess FAIR aspects for highly interconnected scenarios, which the ODH-based ones are, has emerged. Rooms for improvement are anyway possible to timely deal with all the underlying features of topics like the delivery of health care in a syndemic scenario, the digital transformation of human and animal health data, or the digital nature conservation through digital technology-based intervention. Conclusions ODH pillars account for the availability (findability, accessibility) of human, animal, and environmental data allowing a unified understanding of complex interactions (interoperability) over time (reusability). A vision of integration between these two worlds, under the vest of ODH Interventions featuring FAIRness characteristics, toward the development of a systemic lookup of health and ecology in a digitalized way, is therefore auspicable. © 2022 Georg Thieme Verlag. All rights reserved. | Humans; One Health; human; One Health | Digital Health; FAIR; Information Science, Medical; One Digital Health; One Health |
| Elimination of human rabies in Goa, India through an integrated One Health approach | Dog-mediated rabies kills tens of thousands of people each year in India, representing one third of the estimated global rabies burden. Whilst the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) have set a target for global dog-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030, examples of large-scale dog vaccination programs demonstrating elimination remain limited in Africa and Asia. We describe the development of a data-driven rabies elimination program from 2013 to 2019 in Goa State, India, culminating in human rabies elimination and a 92% reduction in monthly canine rabies cases. Smartphone technology enabled systematic spatial direction of remote teams to vaccinate over 95,000 dogs at 70% vaccination coverage, and rabies education teams to reach 150,000 children annually. An estimated 2249 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were averted over the program period at 526 USD per DALY, making the intervention ‘very cost-effective’ by WHO definitions. This One Health program demonstrates that human rabies elimination is achievable at the state level in India. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; India; One Health; Rabies; Africa; Asia; Goa; India; India; kennel cough vaccine; rabies vaccine; integrated approach; public health; spatiotemporal analysis; United Nations; World Health Organization; Article; death; disability-adjusted life year; disease elimination; disease surveillance; dog bite; Goa; human; major clinical study; nonhuman; One Health; phylogeny; population density; public health; rabies; Rabies virus; vaccination; vaccination coverage; animal; cost benefit analysis; dog; dog disease; India; rabies; veterinary medicine |
| A large-scale genomic snapshot of Klebsiella spp. isolates in Northern Italy reveals limited transmission between clinical and non-clinical settings | The Klebsiella group, found in humans, livestock, plants, soil, water and wild animals, is genetically and ecologically diverse. Many species are opportunistic pathogens and can harbour diverse classes of antimicrobial resistance genes. Healthcare-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae clones that are non-susceptible to carbapenems can spread rapidly, representing a high public health burden. Here we report an analysis of 3,482 genome sequences representing 15 Klebsiella species sampled over a 17-month period from a wide range of clinical, community, animal and environmental settings in and around the Italian city of Pavia. Northern Italy is a hotspot for hospital-acquired carbapenem non-susceptible Klebsiella and thus a pertinent setting to examine the overlap between isolates in clinical and non-clinical settings. We found no genotypic or phenotypic evidence for non-susceptibility to carbapenems outside the clinical environment. Although we noted occasional transmission between clinical and non-clinical settings, our data point to a limited role of animal and environmental reservoirs in the human acquisition of Klebsiella spp. We also provide a detailed genus-wide view of genomic diversity and population structure, including the identification of new groups. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Carbapenems; Genomics; Genotype; Humans; Italy; Klebsiella; carbapenem derivative; Article; bacterial genetics; bacterial transmission; bacterium isolate; controlled study; disease reservoir; gene sequence; genetic analysis; genomics; Italy; Klebsiella; nonhuman; One Health; phylogeny; public health; animal; epidemiology; genetics; genotype; human; Klebsiella |
| β-N-Methyl-Amino-L-Alanine cyanotoxin promotes modification of undifferentiated cells population and disrupts the inflammatory status in primary cultures of neural stem cells | β-N-Methyl-Amino-L-Alanine (BMAA) produced by 95% of cyanobacteria is in constant augmentation with cyanobacteria worldwide proliferation due to global warming and eutrophication. Previously, it has been shown that this contaminant induced neurological disorders, notably by acting as a developmental toxin. However, very few studies focus on the impact of BMAA on neuroglial cells, like astrocytes and microglial cells, in a developmental context. In the present study, we investigated whether BMAA disturbs neurogenesis from mice subventricular zone (SVZ) cells and whether this neurotoxin induces neuroinflammation. We show that BMAA at 100 µM disturbs the population of undifferentiated cells (B1 and C cells) and promotes their proliferation. Further, BMAA affects the organization of neuroblasts, indicating that SVZ function could be impaired. BMAA affects neuroinflammatory processes by increasing the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα. Our study adds to evidence that BMAA may disturb the central nervous system homeostasis by targeting glial cells. We highlighted that BMAA may impair SVZ niches and drives astrocytes and microglial cells into a proinflammatory status, with an ameboid shape for microglia. © 2022 The Authors | Alanine; Amino Acids, Diamino; Animals; Cyanobacteria Toxins; Mice; Neural Stem Cells; Neurotoxins; beta n methyl amino l alanine; cyanobacterium toxin; cytokine; interleukin 1beta; interleukin 6; neurotoxin; tumor necrosis factor; unclassified drug; alanine; diamino acid; neurotoxin; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; Article; astrocyte; cell differentiation; cell population; cell proliferation; cell viability; central nervous system; controlled study; cytotoxicity; flow cytometry; glia cell; homeostasis; immunocytochemistry; male; microglia; mouse; MTT assay; nervous system development; nervous system inflammation; neural stem cell; neuroblast; neurotoxicity; nonhuman; primary culture; subventricular zone; animal | BMAA; Cyanotoxin; Neural stem cells; Neuroinflammation; Neurotoxicity; One health |
| Implementation of One Health approach in Jordan: Review and mapping of ministerial mechanisms of zoonotic disease reporting and control, and inter-sectoral collaboration | Background: Mapping across relevant sectors builds an understanding of a successful multi-sectoral One Health approach. This requires a review and understanding of existing national infrastructure, capacity, resources, and existing mechanisms for collaboration across sectors for addressing zoonotic diseases. The objective of this study is to review and map the existing structures of ministry of health and ministry of agriculture in relation to zoonotic diseases reporting and control, and inter-sectoral collaboration in Jordan. Methods: Jordanian ministerial infrastructures, mechanisms, legislation, responsibilities, programs, and activities related to zoonotic disease detection and reporting were reviewed. Publicly available information of national government agencies drawn from annual reports, official websites, program guidelines, advisories, minutes of meetings, and inter-ministerial communications were also reviewed. In addition, personal interviews with official, subject matter experts, and technical representatives of ministries of health and agriculture were conducted to gather, clarify, and verify data. Results: Although the current infrastructure of both Ministries is organized and well established, several gaps and challenges were identified. The regulations to judge and manage zoonotic disease notification and reporting need to be revised to become thorough and systematic between the two ministries. In addition, inter-ministerial zoonotic diseases reporting and notification between the two ministries is inconsistent, which may prevent reporting zoonotic disease in timely manner. The current reporting and surveillance system is closer to an indicator- based surveillance system which limits the ability to investigate and report new emerging zoonotic diseases. The capability to diagnose zoonotic diseases is not always present, and diagnostic tests used to confirm zoonotic diseases are not readily available or done for all diseases. Conclusions: Development of information sharing agreement between ministries, regulations and band y laws that organize and manage zoonotic disease notification and reporting in Jordan is needed. It is essential to review and modify the current reporting and surveillance systems at the two ministries to allow reporting new emerging zoonotic diseases. Capacity building in terms of zoonotic disease diagnosis remains vital for a One Health approach implementation in Jordan. © 2022 The Authors | Article; capacity building; disease notification; disease severity; disease surveillance; environmental health; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; geographic distribution; health care management; health insurance; human; intersectoral collaboration; leadership; One Health; practice guideline; responsibility; vaccination; zoonosis | Inter-sectoral collaboration; Jordan; Mapping; One Health; Zoonotic diseases |
| Using a One Health Assignment as a Final Project in a Microbiology Course | [No abstract available] | One Health |
| Multi-dimensional impacts of Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on Sustainable Development Goal achievement | Background: Health, social and economic crises triggered by the Coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) can derail progress and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This commentary analyses the complex nexus of multi-dimensional impacts of the pandemic on people, prosperity, planet, partnership and peace. From our analysis, we generate a causal loop diagram explaining these complex pathways and proposed policy recommendations. Main text: Health systems, health and wellbeing of people are directly affected by the pandemic, while impacts on prosperity, education, food security and environment are indirect consequences from pandemic containment, notably social measures, business and school closures and international travel restrictions. The magnitude of impacts is determined by the level of prior vulnerability and inequity in the society, and the effectiveness and timeliness of comprehensive pandemic responses. Conclusions: To exit the acute phase of the pandemic, equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines by all countries and continued high coverage of face masks and hand hygiene are critical entry points. During recovery, governments should strengthen preparedness based on the One Health approach, rebuild resilient health systems and an equitable society, ensure universal health coverage and social protection mechanisms for all. Governments should review progress and challenges from the pandemic and sustain a commitment to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. © 2022, The Author(s). | COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Masks; Pandemics; Sustainable Development; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; COVID-19; developing world; diagram; environmental impact assessment; epidemic; pandemic; Sustainable Development Goal; vaccine; achievement; Article; commercial phenomena; coronavirus disease 2019; distance learning; environmental factor; food security; government regulation; hand washing; health care access; health care system; health disparity; health insurance; human; nonhuman; One Health; pandemic; planetary health; school closure; social distancing; sustainable development goal; timeliness; travel restriction; vulnerability; wellbeing; epidemiology; mask; pandemic; prevention and control; sustainable development | Causal loop diagram; COVID-19; Impact pathway; SDGs; Sustainable Development Goals |
| Dual use of antifungals in medicine and agriculture: How do we help prevent resistance developing in human pathogens? | Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is a One Health resistance threat, where azole fungicide exposure compromises the efficacy of medical azoles. The use of the recently authorized fungicide ipflufenoquin, which shares its mode-of-action with a new antifungal olorofim, underscores the need for risk assessment for dual use of antifungals. © 2022 The Authors | Agriculture; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillus fumigatus; Azoles; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fungicides, Industrial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; antifungal agent; antifungal agent; fungicide; pyrrole derivative; agriculture; antifungal resistance; Article; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillus nidulans; Aspergillus niger; Aspergillus sydowii; Aspergillus terreus; cross resistance; fungicide resistance; in vitro study; nonhuman; One Health; agriculture; antifungal resistance; human; microbial sensitivity test | Aspergillus fumigatus; DHODH inhibitor; olorofim; One Health; triazole resistance |
| How study of naturally occurring ocular disease in animals improves ocular health globally | In this article, which is part of the Currents in One Health series, the role of naturally occurring ocular disease in animals is reviewed with emphasis on how the understanding of these ocular diseases contributes to one health initiatives, particularly the pathogenesis and treatment of ocular diseases common to animals and humans. Animals spontaneously develop ocular diseases that closely mimic those in humans, especially dry eye disease, herpes virus infection (cats), fungal keratitis (horses), bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, uveitis, and glaucoma. Both uveitis and glaucoma are common in domestic animals and humans, and many similarities exist in pathogenesis, genetics, and response to therapy. Furthermore, the study of inherited retinal disease in animals has particularly epitomized the one health concept, specifically the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working to attain optimal health for people and animals. Through this study of retinal disease in dogs, innovative therapies such as gene therapy have been developed. A unique opportunity exists to study ocular disease in shared environments to better understand the interplay between the environment, genetics, and ocular disease in both animals and humans. The companion Currents in One Health by Gilger, AJVR, December 2022, addresses in more detail recent studies of noninfectious immune-mediated animal ocular disease and their role in advancing ocular health globally. © 2022 by the Author(s). | Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Corneal Ulcer; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Eye; Glaucoma; Horse Diseases; Horses; Humans; Retinal Diseases; Uveitis; Article; biological model; cat; cataract; cornea disease; disease course; dog; dry eye; eye disease; gene therapy; genetics; glaucoma; global health; herpes virus infection; horse; human; intersectoral collaboration; keratoconjunctivitis; keratomycosis; nonhuman; One Health; pathogenesis; retina disease; treatment response; uveitis; animal; cat disease; cornea ulcer; dog disease; eye; glaucoma; horse disease; pathology; retina disease; uveitis; veterinary medicine |
| Antibacterial treatment for exotic species, backyard ruminants and small flocks: a narrative review highlighting barriers to effective and appropriate antimicrobial treatment | Antimicrobial resistance is a complex One Health issue that exists in both human and veterinary medicine. To mitigate this ever-growing problem, efforts have been made to develop guidelines for appropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) across sectors. In veterinary medicine, there are notable literature gaps for proper AMU in minor species. We conducted a structured narrative review covering the years of July 2006 – July 2021 to find antimicrobial treatments for common bacterial infections in exotic (birds, rodents, reptiles, and others), small flock (chickens, turkeys, and other fowl), and backyard small ruminant (sheep and goats) species. We retrieved a total of 4728 articles, of which 21 articles met the criteria for our review. Studies were grouped according to species, syndrome, and body system affected. Other data extracted included the bacterial pathogen(s), treatment (active ingredient), and geographical origin. Body systems reported included: intra-oral (n = 4), gastrointestinal (n = 1), respiratory (n = 2), reproductive (n = 1), skin (n = 3), aural (n = 1), ocular (n = 4), and other/multisystem (n = 5). By species, our search resulted in: rabbit (n = 5), rat (n = 2), guinea pig (n = 1), chinchilla (n = 1), guinea pig and chinchilla (n = 1), avian species (n = 1), psittacine birds (n = 2), loris and lorikeets (n = 1), turtles (n = 2), lizards (n = 1), goats (n = 2) and sheep (n = 2). The results of our findings identified a distinct gap in consistent antimicrobial treatment information for commonly encountered bacterial conditions within these species. There is a persisting need for clinical trials that focus on antibacterial treatment to strengthen the evidence base for AMU within exotic, small flock, and backyard small ruminant species. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Chickens; Goat Diseases; Goats; Guinea Pigs; Poultry Diseases; Rabbits; Rats; Rodent Diseases; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; antiinfective agent; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic therapy; antimicrobial therapy; Article; bacterial infection; bird; chicken; data extraction; exotic species; fowl; goat; guinea pig; herd; nonhuman; One Health; practice guideline; quality control; reptile; rodent; ruminant; sheep; turkey (bird); veterinary medicine; animal; bacterial infection; bird disease; goat disease; Leporidae; microbiology; rat; rodent disease; sheep disease | Antimicrobial resistance; Antimicrobial use; Bacterial conditions; One Health; Veterinary |
| Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) Analysis of Virulence and AMR Genes in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli from Animal and Environmental Samples in Four Italian Swine Farms | Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a powerful tool to analyze bacterial genomes rapidly, and can be useful to study and detect AMR genes. We carried out WGS on a group of Escherichia coli (n = 30), sampled from healthy animals and farm environment in four pigsties in northern Italy. Two × 250bp paired end sequencing strategy on Illumina MiSeq™ was used. We performed in silico characterization of E. coli isolates through the web tools provided by the Center for Genomic Epidemiology (cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/) to study AMR and virulence genes. Bacterial strains were further analyzed to detect phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility against several antimicrobials. Data obtained from WGS were compared to phenotypic results. All 30 strains were MDR, and they were positive for the genes blaCTX-M and blaTEM as verified by PCR. We observed a good concordance between phenotypic and genomic results. Different AMR determinants were identified (e.g., qnrS, sul, tet). Potential pathogenicity of these strains was also assessed, and virulence genes were detected (e.g., etsC, gad, hlyF, iroN, iss), mostly related to extraintestinal E. coli pathotypes (UPEC/APEC). However, enterotoxin genes, such as astA, ltcA and stb were also identified, indicating a possible hybrid pathogenic nature. Various replicons associated to plasmids, previously recovered in pathogenic bacteria, were identified (e.g., IncN and IncR plasmid), supporting the hypothesis that our strains were pathogenic. Eventually, through WGS it was possible to confirm the phenotypic antibiotic resistance results and to appreciate the virulence side of our ESBL-producing E. coli. These findings highlight the need to monitor commensal E. coli sampled from healthy pigs considering a One Health perspective. © 2022 by the authors. | antiinfective agent; doxycycline; enrofloxacin; florfenicol; gentamicin; meropenem; sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; trimethoprim; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; antimicrobial resistance gene; Article; bacterial gene; bacterial strain; disk diffusion; DNA extraction; Escherichia coli; extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Escherichia coli; high throughput sequencing; molecular phylogeny; nonhuman; pathogenicity; pig; plasmid; polymerase chain reaction; Sanger sequencing; virulence; whole genome sequencing | AMR surveillance; antimicrobial resistance; next-generation sequencing; One Health |
| Community dog program in five municipalities of Paraná, Brazil | It is necessary to advance the study of stray dog population management strategies because of the vulnerable situation in which stray dogs live which may pose risks to humans, animals, and the environment. The objective of this study was to describe the implementation of the Community Dog Program in 5 municipalities in the state of Paraná, listing its main characteristics and the most common challenges encountered. The study was carried out from July to November 2016 in the municipalities of Araucária, Lapa, Pinhais, Piraquara, and Ponta Grossa through their Municipal Health and Environment Secretariats. The Community Dog Program was implemented when the register included 20 dogs per municipality, and it was considered that the secretariats were able to continue the program autonomously. The methodology was based on the pioneer municipalities in the state, Araucária, and Campo Largo, regarding the registration of community dogs. The program was implemented in 5 phases: initial planning, screening of animals, registration of dogs and caretakers, veterinary procedures with animals included in the program, and a final meeting with all involved. The method initially proposed a review required by the field. For example, in the municipality of Piraquara, most dogs (75%, 15/20) did not have a fixed shelter, but met the other criteria. Inadequate handling by the caretakers regarding the supply of food and water to the dogs, the limited structure and human resources of the secretariats to carry out these actions, and the behavior of chasing the dogs were the main challenges of implantation. As for the chasing of moving objects by animals, there was a greater tendency for dogs to exhibit such behavior as adults, with time spent in the place of 1 to 5 years and in front of homes. The methodology used in the 5 municipalities proved to be applicable for the implementation of the Community Dog Program, as it allowed a list of relevant characteristics for population management and the most common challenges. The experience of implementing the program in 5 municipalities has the potential to support the construction of a guiding protocol to facilitate its implementation in other municipalities. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. | animal welfare; Article; Brazil; caregiver; castration; clinical assessment; Community dog program; decision making; dog; female; follow up; food access; human; instrument sterilization; interview; length of stay; male; microchip analysis; non-governmental organization; nonhuman; postoperative care; screening test; shelter seeking behavior; statistical analysis; stray dog; vaccination; veterans health; veterinary medicine; zoonosis | Animal welfare; One health; Public poly; Stray dogs |
| Assessment of performance for a key indicator of One Health: evidence based on One Health index for zoonoses in Sub-Saharan Africa | Background: Zoonoses are public health threats that cause severe damage worldwide. Zoonoses constitute a key indicator of One Health (OH) and the OH approach is being applied for zoonosis control programmes of zoonotic diseases. In a very recent study, we developed an evaluation system for OH performance through the global OH index (GOHI). This study applied the GOHI to evaluate OH performance for zoonoses in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: The framework for the OH index on zoonoses (OHIZ) was constructed including five indicators, 15 subindicators and 28 datasets. Publicly available data were referenced to generate the OHIZ database which included both qualitative and quantitative indicators for all sub-Sahara African countries (n = 48). The GOHI algorithm was used to estimate scores for OHIZ. Indicator weights were calculated by adopting the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Results: Overall, five indicators associated with weights were generated as follows: source of infection (23.70%), route of transmission (25.31%), targeted population (19.09%), capacity building (16.77%), and outcomes/case studies (15.13%). Following the indicators, a total of 37 sub-Sahara African countries aligned with OHIZ validation, while 11 territories were excluded for unfit or missing data. The OHIZ average score of sub-Saharan Africa was estimated at 53.67/100. The highest score was 71.99 from South Africa, while the lowest score was 40.51 from Benin. It is also worth mentioning that Sub-Sahara African countries had high performance in many subindicators associated with zoonoses, e.g., surveillance and response, vector and reservoir interventions, and natural protected areas, which suggests that this region had a certain capacity in control and prevention or responses to zoonotic events. Conclusions: This study reveals that it is possible to perform OH evaluation for zoonoses in sub-Saharan Africa by OHIZ. Findings from this study provide preliminary research information in advancing knowledge of the evidenced risks to strengthen strategies for effective control of zoonoses and to support the prevention of zoonotic events. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Global Health; One Health; Public Health; South Africa; Zoonoses; Africa south of the Sahara; algorithm; analytic hierarchy process; Article; capacity building; coronavirus disease 2019; echinococcosis; evidence based practice; global one health index; health promotion; health service; human; indoor residual spraying; infection; leishmaniasis; One Health; one health Index zoonosis database; physical performance; public health; rabies; source of infection; tuberculosis; vaccination; vector control; zoonosis; zoonotic transmission; animal; global health; South Africa; zoonosis | One Health index; One Health performance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zoonoses |
| Gendered asymmetry of access to knowledge for brucellosis control among pastoral communities in north-west Côte d’Ivoire | Brucellosis is an infectious zoonotic disease considered as a threat to public health and pastoralist livelihoods. Symptoms of the disease can lead to gender-specific ailments such as abortions in women and orchitis in men. Pastoralists and their families are at high risk of contracting the disease. Access to health information reinforces existing knowledge and contributes to disease prevention. However, in developing countries, interventions for knowledge sharing on zoonotic diseases predominantly target men. This study aimed to describe mechanisms of knowledge production and transfer on brucellosis according to gender, by assessing the way knowledge affects behaviours of pastoral communities. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among a pastoral community (PC) of the Folon region in north-west Côte d’Ivoire. The study included transhumant pastoralists, sedentary livestock owners, shepherds and their wives. By using mixed methods, 26 semi-structured interviews were conducted, and 320 questionnaires were completed. Statistical analysis with chi-square (χ2) comparison tests was performed to compare variables between men and women. Findings were interpreted through the concept of specialisation of the social exclusion theory. We found that gender influences access to information on brucellosis and transfer of knowledge on brucellosis appeared gender-biased, especially from veterinarians towards men in the community. The social labour division and interventions of veterinarians through awareness reinforce the knowledge gap on brucellosis between men and women. Men and women consume raw milk, whilst only men in general handle animal discharges with bare hands. To improve the control of brucellosis, knowledge on best practice should be shared with pastoral communities using the One Health approach that encourages mutual learning. Innovative strategies based on gender daily tasks such as safe dairy processing by women and safe animal husbandry to expand their herd for men can be the entry point for the prevention of brucellosis. © 2022, The Author(s). | dairy; Knowledge production; milk; One Health; Zoonosis |
| Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Human, Wild Boar, and Environmental Samples in 2018–2020 in the Northwest of Italy | Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most challenging public health problems worldwide, and integrated surveillance is a key aspect in a One Health control strategy. Additionally, Salmonella is the second most common zoonosis in Europe. We aimed to investigate the circulation of Salmonella strains and their related antimicrobial resistance in human, environmental, and wild boar samples from the northwest of Italy, from 2018 to 2020, to obtain a more comprehensive epidemiological picture. Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:-, S. Veneziana and S. Newport were the most common serotypes occurring in humans, the environment, and wild boar, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance was rather common in Salmonella isolates, with those from human displaying the highest degree of resistance against sulfadiazine–sulfamerazine–sulfamethazine (>90% of resistance). Moreover, resistance against azithromycin were exclusively observed in environmental samples, while only 7.7% (95% CI = 1.6–20.8) of wild boar isolates experienced resistance against trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance concurrently involved up to seven antimicrobial classes in human isolates, including third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Salmonella Typhimurium in humans and serotypes Goldcoast and Rissen from environmental sources showed the highest levels of resistance. This study shows diverse antimicrobial resistance patterns in Salmonella strains isolated from different sources and gives a broad picture of antimicrobial resistance spread in wild animals, humans, and the environment. © 2022 by the authors. | amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; ampicillin; azithromycin; cefotaxime; cefoxitin; ceftazidime; cephalosporin; chloramphenicol; ciprofloxacin; cotrimoxazole; gentamicin; meropenem; nalidixic acid; quinolone; streptomycin; tetracycline; tigecycline; trisulfapyrimidine; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial strain; environmental science; European wild boar; fluoroquinolone resistance; foodborne pathogen; human; Italy; multidrug resistance; nonhuman; public health; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis; Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis; Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; serotype; zoonosis | antimicrobial resistance; food-borne pathogens; One Health; Salmonella; surveillance |
| Co-occurrence of antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes in extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria | Objectives: The occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in poultry poses the public health threat of zoonotic transmission to humans. Hence, this study assessed the occurrence of drug-resistant Escherichia coli in broilers in the largest live bird market in Kwara State, Nigeria in December 2020. Methods: Presumptive E. coli isolates were isolated using the European Union Reference Laboratory guideline of 2017 and confirmed via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Broth microdilution was performed on confirmed E. coli isolates to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Five extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were selected for Illumina whole genome sequencing to predict the resistome, phylotype, sequence type, serotype, and diversity of mobile genetic elements in these isolates. Results: Of the 181 broiler caecal samples, 73 E. coli isolates were obtained, of which 67 (82.0%) and 37 (50.6%) were determined as MDR (resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics) and XDR (resistant to at least five classes of antibiotics), respectively. Whole genome sequencing revealed diverse sequence types, phylogroups, and serotypes (ST165/B1 – O80:H19, ST115/A – Unknown: H7, ST901/B1 – O109:H4, ST4087/F – O117:H42, and ST8324/A – O127:H42). The XDR E. coli isolates encoded resistance to fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and cephalosporins, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and macrolides. Mutations in the gyrA gene conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones were also detected. There was a positive correlation between phenotypic resistance patterns and the antibiotic resistance genes that were detected in the sequenced isolates. The XDR isolates also harbored two disinfectant resistance genes (qacE and sitABCD) that conferred resistance to hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively. The genome of the XDR isolates harbored several mobile genetic elements and virulence-associated genes, which were conserved in all sequenced XDR isolates. Conclusions: This is the first report of co-carriage of antibiotic resistance genes and disinfectant resistance genes in E. coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, Nigeria. Our findings suggest that poultry are potential carriers of clonally diverse, pathogenic, MDR/XDR E. coli, which may have detrimental zoonotic potentials on human health. © 2022 The Author(s) | Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Disinfectants; Escherichia coli; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Nigeria; Poultry; aminoglycoside; ampicillin; antibiotic agent; cephalosporin derivative; chloramphenicol; disinfectant agent; fosfomycin; hydrogen peroxide; macrolide; quaternary ammonium derivative; quinolone derivative; sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; trimethoprim; antiinfective agent; disinfectant agent; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic resistome; Article; bacterial virulence; bacterium isolate; broiler; broth dilution; DNA extraction; Escherichia coli; European Union; gene mutation; genetic variability; matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; minimum inhibitory concentration; mobile genetic element; multidrug resistance; Nigeria; nonhuman; poultry; practice guideline; serotype; whole genome sequencing; animal; chicken; epidemiology; human; Nigeria; poultry | Antimicrobial resistance; Disinfectant resistance; Escherichia coli; Multidrug resistance; Nigeria; One Health; Poultry |
| A Familiar Outbreak of Monophasic Salmonella serovar Typhimurium (ST34) Involving Three Dogs and Their Owner’s Children | Salmonella is a Gram-negative enteric bacterium responsible for the foodborne and waterborne disease salmonellosis, which is the second most reported bacterial zoonosis in humans. Many animals are potential sources of salmonellosis, including dogs, cats, and other pets. We report the case of an outbreak of salmonellosis in a family in central Italy, affecting two children and involving their three dogs as carriers. One of the children needed medical care and hospitalisation. Isolation and analysis of stool samples from the sibling and the animals present in the house were carried out. Serotyping allowed the identification of S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium in its monophasic variant for all the isolates. The results of whole-genome sequencing confirmed that the strains were tightly related. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test documented the resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. The origin of the zoonotic outbreak could not be assessed; however, the case study showed a clear passage of the pathogen between the human and non-human members of the family. The possibility of a transmission from a dog to a human suggests the need for further studies on the potential ways of transmission of salmonellosis through standard and alternative feed. © 2022 by the authors. | ampicillin; azithromycin; cefotaxime; ceftazidime; chloramphenicol; ciprofloxacin; colistin; gentamicin; meropenem; sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; tigecycline; abdominal pain; ampicillin resistance; animal experiment; animal model; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial growth; bacterial virulence; bacterium identification; bacterium isolation; child; disease surveillance; DNA extraction; DNA replication origin; dog; domestic rabbit; feces analysis; fever; gene sequence; hospitalization; human; intestine flora; matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; minimum inhibitory concentration; multidrug resistance; multilocus sequence typing; multiplex polymerase chain reaction; nonhuman; One Health; phylogenetic tree; public health; quality control; questionnaire; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; salmonellosis; sequence analysis; sequence homology; serotyping; single nucleotide polymorphism; vomiting; whole genome sequencing; zoonosis | infants; multidrug-resistance; non-typhoidal Salmonella; One Health; outbreak; pets; Salmonella; ST34 |
| Detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Antibodies in Cattle in Plateau State, Nigeria | Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a vector-borne viral hemorrhagic disease with global clinical significance. Certain species of ticks are vectors of CCHF, which can be transmitted from animals to humans and humans to humans by direct exposure to blood or other body fluids. The zoonotic transmission at the human–animal interface from viremic animal hosts to humans is a public health concern with a paucity of data in Nigeria. Samples from 184 pastoral cattle from three local government areas (LGAs) of Plateau state, Nigeria, were screened for CCHF virus using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ID Screen® CCHF Double Antigen for Multi-Species). Overall seropositivity of 30.4% (n = 56) (95% CI: 23.88%, 37.63%) was recorded from the study areas in Plateau State, while 48/126 (38.1%, 95% CI: 29.59%, 47.17%) sampled cows tested positive for CCHFV antibodies. Seropositivity was significantly higher (p < 0.001) among older cattle greater than two years, 54.69% (95% CI: 2.88%, 11.24%) compared to cattle younger than two years, 17.5% (95% CI: 11.17%, 25.50%). The location of farms played a significant role in the seropositivity of CCHF with the least risk observed in Wase LGA. CCHF is an important zoonotic disease in different parts of the globe with a high risk of transmission to pastoralists, livestock keepers/slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians who handle animals. There is a need for a collaborative one-health approach with various stakeholders to unravel the dynamics of CCHFV epidemiology in Nigeria. © 2022 by the authors. | Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cattle; Female; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean; Humans; Nigeria; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Ticks; rain; tetramethylbenzidine; virus antibody; virus nucleoprotein; virus antibody; abattoir worker; animal husbandry; antigen antibody complex; Article; blood sampling; bovine; butcher; Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; herd; human; human-animal interaction; livestock; male; microtiter plate assay; multivariate logistic regression analysis; Nigeria; nonhuman; One Health; public health; seroprevalence; stakeholder engagement; veterinarian; zoonotic transmission; animal; bovine; Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever; seroepidemiology; tick; veterinary medicine | antibodies; cattle; CCHF; ELISA; Nigeria |
| Microbiota analysis for risk assessment of xenobiotics: toxicomicrobiomics, incorporating the gut microbiome in the risk assessment of xenobiotics and identifying beneficial components for One Health | This work explores three areas of relevance to the gut microbiome in the context of One Health; the incorporation of the microbiome in food safety risk assessment of xenobiotics; the identification and application of beneficial microbial components to various areas under One Health, and specifically, in the context of antimicrobial resistance. We conclude that, although challenging, focusing on the microbiota resilience, function and active components, are critical for advancing the incorporation of the gut microbiome in the risk assessment of xenobiotics. Moreover, research technologies, such as toxicomicrobiomics, culturomics and genomics, especially in combination, have revealed that the human microbiota may be a promising source of beneficial taxa or other components, with the potential to metabolise and biodegrade xenobiotics. These may have possible applications in several health areas, including in animals or plants for detoxification or in the environment for bioremediation. This approach would be of particular interest for antimicrobials, with the potential to ameliorate antimicrobial resistance development. Finally, we propose that the concept of resistance to xenobiotics in the context of the gut microbiome may deserve further investigation in the pursuit of holistically elucidating their involvement in the balance between health and disease. © 2022 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority. | antimicrobial resistance; gut microbiome; microbiota-disrupting chemicals; next-generation probiotics; next-generation risk assessment; One Health; xenobiotics |
| Human pandemic K27-ST392 CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum β-lactamase-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae: A one health clone threatening companion animals | Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is a medically important pathogen that commonly causes human nosocomial infections. Since veterinary emergency and critical care services have also significantly progressed over the last decades, there are increasing reports of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae causing hospital-associated infections in companion animals. We present microbiological and genomic analysis of a multidrug-resistant ESBL-positive K. pneumoniae (LCKp01) isolated from a fatal infection in a dog admitted to a veterinary intensive care unit. LCKp01 strain belonged to the sequence type ST392 and displays a KL27 (wzi-187) and O-locus 4 (O4). A broad resistome and presence of the blaCTX-M-15 ESBL gene were predicted. SNP-based phylogenomic analysis, using an international genome database, clustered LCKp01 (60–80 SNPs differences) with K. pneumoniae ST392 from human and animal infections, isolated at 4-year interval, whereas phylogeographical analysis confirmed successful expansion of ST392 as a global clone of One Health concern. © 2022 The Authors | amikacin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; aztreonam; cefepime; cefotaxime; cefoxitin; ceftazidime; ceftiofur; ciprofloxacin; cotrimoxazole; enrofloxacin; ertapenem; fosfomycin; gentamicin; imipenem; levofloxacin; meropenem; metronidazole; nalidixic acid; tetracycline; abdominal pain; anastomosis; animal experiment; antibiotic resistome; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; bacterial gene; bacterial strain; bacterium culture; bacterium isolation; blaCTX M 15 gene; body fluid; consciousness disorder; controlled study; dog; echography; enterostomy; extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae; female; foreign body; gastrostomy; genetic analysis; genome size; genomic analysis; hemodynamic instability; hemodynamics; intestine resection; intra abdominal free fluid; Klebsiella pneumoniae infection; laparotomy; microbiological examination; multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae; nonhuman; One Health; peritoneal fluid; pet animal; phylogenomics; phylogeography; single nucleotide polymorphism; whole genome sequencing; wound dehiscence | Antimicrobial resistance; Critical-priority pathogen; Enterobacterales; Genomic surveillance; One health; Veterinary medicine |
| Evaluation of a Harmonized Undergraduate Catalog for Veterinary Public Health and Food Hygiene Pedagogy in Europe | Current and emerging veterinary public health (VPH) challenges raised by globalization, climate change, and industrialization of food production require the veterinarian’s role to evolve in parallel and veterinary education to adapt to reflect these changes. The European Food Hygiene catalog was developed to provide a list of topics relevant to Day One Competencies in VPH. A study was undertaken to ensure that the catalog and teaching practices were pertinent to the work of public health veterinarians. Relevant stakeholders were consulted using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. A long questionnaire was distributed to 49 academics teaching VPH in European veterinary schools to review topics listed in the catalog. Eighteen responses were received (36.7%), representing 12 European countries. There was general agreement that most topics were appropriate for the undergraduate VPH curriculum. A short questionnaire was distributed to 348 European veterinarians working in the industry. Twenty-four questionnaires (6.7%) were received, representing eight European countries. Despite the low participation rate, topics needing greater emphasis in the undergraduate curriculum included Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP), food microbiology, and audits. Seven semi-structured interviews with public health veterinarians working in the UK identified the need for curricular changes including greater practical experience and a shift from a focus on meat inspection to risk management. This may be partly achieved by replacing traditional lectures with authentic case-based scenarios. The study findings can be used to inform the future direction to VPH education for veterinary students across Europe. | Animals; Curriculum; Education, Veterinary; Europe; Public Health; Schools; animal; curriculum; education; Europe; public health; school | Day Once Competencies; food hygiene; One Health; veterinary curriculum; veterinary public health |
| Knowledge of Mongolian veterinarians towards canine vector-borne diseases | Mongolia is an expansive nation, dominated by agriculture with livestock under nomadic herder care contributing significantly to the economy. Mongolian veterinarians service these herder’s livestock and dogs, and are often the first point of contact for animal health advice, including ectoparasite prophylaxis. Dogs are competent reservoir and sentinel hosts for several zoonotic vector-borne diseases (VBD). These diseases in dogs can be dependent on the presence of other sylvatic or domestic reservoir hosts, the abundance of competent vectors and supporting environmental and climatic conditions. Therefore, VBD present a true One Health challenge. The direct and close association of nomadic herders with livestock and livestock protection dogs coupled with frequent relocation (associated with nomadic lifestyles) places all three host groups (herders, livestock and livestock protection dogs) at risk of acquiring VBD. Our study set out to investigate the overall knowledge, perceptions and practices of Mongolian veterinarians towards canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD). A hardcopy questionnaire was delivered through the Mongolian Veterinary Medical Association to a cohort of veterinarians representing 39% of Mongolia’s total veterinary workforce with a 53% response rate. A total of 297 participants were included in the final study. The bulk of participants were livestock veterinarians, followed by mixed animal veterinarians. Overall Mongolian veterinarians’ knowledge of CVBD were scored as low (58%; 0–3 points) or medium (32%; 4–6 points) on a ten-point scale. There was a significant discrepancy between self-rated and actual knowledge. Females had 1.7 (95% CI 1.1, 2.8) times higher knowledge compared with males and those veterinarians who had 3–5 canine consultations per day were also found to have higher knowledge (odds ratio 1.4, 95% CI 0.4, 4.5). Most veterinarians utilised two or less resources to source information on CVBD over the previous 12 months. The potential of climate-induced emergence of vector populations and their associated pathogens makes it imperative that veterinarians in Mongolia have the necessary resources and knowledge to be on the forefront of CVBD preparedness and mitigation. This study identifies the knowledge gaps and addresses the need for further resources for Mongolian veterinarians to effectively engage in a One Health approach for negating CVBD in animals and humans. © 2022 The Authors | Article; awareness; climate change; cohort analysis; confidence interval; dog disease; female; health care practice; health care utilization; human; information seeking; livestock; male; Mongolia; nonhuman; odds ratio; pathogenesis; professional knowledge; questionnaire; regression analysis; self report; sex difference; vector borne disease; veterinarian; workforce | Dog; Mongolia; One Health; Vector; Veterinarian |
| Rabies Outbreak in the Urban Area of Delhi: An Investigation Report and One Health Perspective for Outbreak Management | Rabies is a global problem and is endemic in India. Rabies cases occur throughout the year, and the majority of cases are associated with dog bites. We report a rabies outbreak investigation in an urban area of Delhi conducted by our multidisciplinary team, and its role in proactively controlling a rabies outbreak by concerted efforts and timely advice to various stakeholders using a “One Health Approach.” A veterinary care NGO from Delhi picked up a suspected rabid stray dog and submitted a brain sample for diagnosis of rabies, as they had received information from a resident of the locality about an unprovoked animal bite incident involving a girl (category III bite) and close contact of two more stray dogs living in the vicinity of the suspected rabid dog. The laboratory diagnosis of rabies in the suspected dog brain sample was confirmed by using Fluorescence Antibody Test (FAT). A multi-expert investigation team with expertise in medicine, microbiology, veterinary sciences, laboratory diagnosis, and public health was constituted to investigate the outbreak. The timely, adequate, and appropriate anti-rabies management initiated for the animal bite victims in this incident could prevent rabies. Proactive involvement of multiple stakeholders and knowledge attributes and practice of local residents could prevent human rabies. As there were no further reports of dog bites from the area, the chain of rabies transmission in that area could be controlled. The presented work is a classical case scenario where concerted efforts of all stakeholders achieved effective control and prevention of rabies by adopting the “One Health approach”. © 2022 by the authors. | chloroxylenol; impression material; rabies immunoglobulin; rabies vaccine; tetanus toxoid; antibody titer; Article; bite; case report; cerebellum; child; clinical article; epidemic; female; fluorescent antibody technique; granulation tissue; human; India; laboratory diagnosis; male; multidisciplinary team; non-governmental organization; nonhuman; One Health; post exposure prophylaxis; prescription; public health; rabies; real time polymerase chain reaction; residential area; stray dog; tertiary care center; tetanus; urban area; veterinary clinic | multidisciplinary team; one health approach; outbreak; rabies |
| Prevalence and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance among ESKAPE Bacteria and Enterobacterales Strains in Wild Birds | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a current public health issue globally. To counter this phenomenon and prioritize AMR in the health sector, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of bacterial pathogens against which the development of new antimicrobial agents is urgently needed, designating the ESKAPE pathogens (i.e., Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) with a ‘priority status’. Moreover, the One Health High Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) states that human health is closely linked to animal and environmental health, thus promoting a holistic One Health approach in order to be prepared to address possible emerging health threats from the human–animal–environment interface. Wild birds may host and spread pathogens, integrating the epidemiology of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the role of wild birds as a source of ESKAPE bacteria and other antibiotic-resistant enterobacterales. A total of fifty strains within the ESKAPE group were detected in 40/163 cloacal samples of examined birds (24.5%). Additionally, different strains of enterobacterales were detected in 88/163 cloacal samples (53.9%). Isolated strains exhibited antimicrobial resistance, including towards critically important antibiotics (e.g., third, fourth, fifth generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones) for human medicine. Our results confirm that wild birds are potential reservoirs of several pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and that they could be involved in the dissemination of those bacteria across different environments, with resulting public health concerns. © 2022 by the authors. | amikacin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; ampicillin; azithromycin; cefoxitin; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; ceftriaxone; chloramphenicol; ciprofloxacin; clindamycin; colistin; doxycycline; erythromycin; gentamicin; imipenem; penicillin derivative; piperacillin; rifampicin; streptomycin; sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; trimethoprim; Acinetobacter baumannii; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; bacterial virulence; bacterium identification; bacterium isolation; biofilm; cloaca; Enterobacter; Enterococcus faecium; extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae; Klebsiella pneumoniae; nonhuman; prevalence; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus | antimicrobial resistance; enterobacterales; ESKAPE bacteria; multidrug-resistant; One Health; wild birds |
| Seroprevalence of Influenza A Virus in Dromedaries in North-Western Nigeria | Although influenza A virus is endemic in wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, humans, bats, cetaceans, dogs, and horses, there is a paucity of data on the potential role of camels in zoonotic transmission of the virus. To estimate the seroprevalence of the influenza A virus in camel populations, four local government areas of Nigeria that share an international border with the Niger Republic were selected. Blood samples from 184 one-hump camels (dromedaries) were collected and tested for influenza IgG antigen by ELISA. Each camel’s demographic variable, such as age, gender, location, production system, and usage, was recorded. The overall seroprevalence rate of influenza virus IgG in this study was 10.33% (95%CI: 6.33–15.66%). In the bivariate model, there was no significant difference in gender, age, site location and production system, except for usage. There was a significantly lower seroprevalence rate among camels used for labour (odds ratio (OR) = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.10–0.97) than those used for meat consumption; however, not after adjusting for other variables in the model. Increase surveillance through early detection, prediction, and risk assessment of pathogens in animal reservoirs and environmental contamination as One Health strategies to reduce potential human spillover is recommended. Molecular epidemiology studies could better elucidate the role of camels in the dynamics of disease transmission pathways. © 2022 by the authors. | immunoglobulin G; agricultural worker; animal hunting; animal reservoir; Article; bat; blood sampling; bull (mammal); Cetacea; cow; cross-sectional study; demography; disease surveillance; dog; dromedary; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; gender; geographic information system; goat; government; herd; horse; human; Influenza A virus; labor; livestock; male; meat; meat consumption; milk; Nigeria; nonhuman; One Health; pig; pollution; poultry; prevalence; risk assessment; seroprevalence; sheep; stream (river); waterfowl; zoonotic transmission | camels; dromedaries; environmental contamination; influenza A virus; Nigeria; One Health; zoonosis |
| Integrating the One Health concept into dental school simulation sessions | [No abstract available] | Humans; One Health; Schools, Dental; Students, Dental; dental education; dental student; human; One Health |
| Risk of Viral Infectious Diseases from Live Bats, Primates, Rodents and Carnivores for Sale in Indonesian Wildlife Markets | Southeast Asia is considered a global hotspot of emerging zoonotic diseases. There, wildlife is commonly traded under poor sanitary conditions in open markets; these markets have been considered ‘the perfect storm’ for zoonotic disease transmission. We assessed the potential of wildlife trade in spreading viral diseases by quantifying the number of wild animals of four mammalian orders (Rodentia, Chiroptera, Carnivora and Primates) on sale in 14 Indonesian wildlife markets and identifying zoonotic viruses potentially hosted by these animals. We constructed a network analysis to visualize the animals that are traded alongside each other that may carry similar viruses. We recorded 6725 wild animals of at least 15 species on sale. Cities and markets with larger human population and number of stalls, respectively, offered more individuals for sale. Eight out of 15 animal taxa recorded are hosts of 17 zoonotic virus species, nine of which can infect more than one species as a host. The network analysis showed that long-tailed macaque has the greatest potential for spreading viral diseases, since it is simultaneously the most traded species, sold in 13/14 markets, and a potential host for nine viruses. It is traded alongside pig-tailed macaques in three markets, with which it shares six viruses in common (Cowpox, Dengue, Hepatitis E, Herpes B, Simian foamy, and Simian retrovirus type D). Short-nosed fruit bats and large flying foxes are potential hosts of Nipah virus and are also sold in large quantities in 10/14 markets. This study highlights the need for better surveillance and sanitary conditions to avoid the negative health impacts of unregulated wildlife markets. © 2022 by the authors. | animal experiment; Article; Callosciurus notatus; carnivore; civet (animal); Cowpox virus; Cynopterus sphinx; Cynopterus titthaecheilus; Dengue virus; disease transmission; flying fox; Hepatitis E virus; Indonesia; Macaca; Macaca fascicularis; Macacine herpesvirus 1; mongoose; network analysis; Nipah virus; nonhuman; Paradoxurus hermaphroditus; phylogeny; population size; primate; Pteropus vampytus; rodent; Sciuridae; Simian foamy virus; species identification; Urva javanica; Vesiculovirus; virus infection | COVID-19; mammals; Nipah; One Health; pandemic; wet market; wildlife trade; zoonosis |
| One health approach on serosurvey of anti-Leptospira spp. in homeless persons and their dogs in South Brazil | Although leptospirosis has been described as a worldwide bacterial zoonosis primarily affecting vulnerable populations, to date no study has focused on concomitant serosurvey of homeless persons and their dogs. The aim of the present study was, to use a One Health approach to serologically assess homeless persons and their dogs in 3 major cities of south Brazil (São Paulo, Curitiba, and Foz do Iguaçu). Environmental information was obtained with an epidemiological questionnaire given to all participants. A total of 200 human and 75 dog samples were tested for anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies to thirty different serovars using the microscopic agglutination test. None of the homeless persons were positive while 5 of the 75 (6.7%) dogs were positive. Among homeless population, 89% (177 of 200) were male, 61% (122 of 200) self-declared Non-white, and 67% (134 of 200) were educated up to the 8th school grade. Lower exposure of homeless persons to Leptospira spp. in the present study when compared to other vulnerable populations (slum and low-income residents) may be result of less direct exposure as they are able to rapidly change locations in response to flooding events. In addition, these results may reflect the effectiveness of a specific healthcare service provided to people living in the streets in the 3 cities. While dogs may be used as environmental sentinels for leptospirosis, the low seropositivity results found in this report may indicate low transmission risk to homeless owners in direct daily contact with their dogs. © 2022 | bacterium antibody; adult; Article; Brazil; dog; exposure; female; flooding; health service; homeless person; human; Leptospira; male; microscopy; nonhuman; One Health; questionnaire; serology; serotype; social vulnerability; vulnerable population | Epidemiology; One health; Social vulnerability |
| Ixodid diversity and detection of spotted fever group Rickettsia spp. in ticks collected on birds in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest | The Brazilian Atlantic Forest helds one of the most diverse and unique avifauna in the world. Many vertebrate species are reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens, and birds are an important group among them due to their mobility which facilitates the dispersion of ticks and the infectious agents they carry. This study brings data on the tick diversity parasitizing birds and the molecular detection of Rickettsia spp. in these arthropods. Birds (n = 773) were captured, identified, and banded at Mata do Paraíso Research, Training, and Environmental Education Center located in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Birds were checked for the presence of ticks, which were individually collected, identified, and molecularly processed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the detection of Rickettsia spp. A total of 130 individuals were infested by ticks, and 479 tick specimens were collected, showing a seasonal distribution of the life stages throughout the year. Ticks were identified as Amblyomma longirostre (59/479); Amblyomma calcaratum (20/479); Amblyomma varium (3/479); Amblyomma sculptum (2/479) and Amblyomma spp. larvae (395/479). Seasonal distribution of the life stages of ticks was observed along the year and significant negative correlations were found between temperature and collected ticks and temperature and infested birds. From the evaluated samples of ticks, 25.44% (n = 43/169) scored positive for Rickettsia spp., and sequence analysis indicated high nucleotide identity with Rickettsia rhipicephali, R. massiliae, R. africae and R. honei marmionii. The potential for dispersal of ticks by birds added to the aggressiveness of species of the genus Amblyomma and the zoonotic potential of some species of Rickettsia are quite worrying when we consider that the study area is widely attended by students, researchers, people from the city and neighboring municipalities. © 2022 | Amblyomma; Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Brazil; Forests; Humans; Ixodidae; Nucleotides; Rickettsia; Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis; Tick Infestations; Ticks; Atlantic Forest; Brazil; Minas Gerais; Vicosa; nucleotide; bacterial disease; bacterium; bird; passerine; pathogen; species diversity; tick; Amblyomma; Amblyomma calcaratum; Amblyomma longirostre; Amblyomma sculptum; Amblyomma varium; animal experiment; arthropod; Article; bird; Brazil; Brazilian; controlled study; dispersion; Ixodidae; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; Rickettsia; Rickettsia africae; Rickettsia honei marmionii; Rickettsia massiliae; Rickettsia rhipicephali; sequence analysis; spotted fever rickettsiosis; temperature; animal; bird disease; forest; genetics; human; microbiology; Rickettsia; Rickettsiaceae infection; tick; tick infestation; veterinary medicine | Amblyomma; One health; Passeriformes; Pathogens; Tick-borne diseases |
| Microbiota analysis for risk assessment of xenobiotics: cumulative xenobiotic exposure and impact on human gut microbiota under One Health approach | Human gut microbiota is the microbial community that, through the constant bidirectional communication with its host, plays the critical role of maintaining the state of eubiosis and health balance, contributing to food digestion, detoxification, and proper endocrine, neurological, immunological and potentially reproductive health. To this extent, gut microbiota is called the ‘second brain’ as well as the ‘second liver’. Xenobiotics, including environmental pollutants, are widely spread in the environment and easily accessible in food, cosmetics, personal care products, drugs and medicinal products. Thus, the gut microbiota can be exposed to these xenobiotics, which in turn might alter its composition and metabolism that can trigger dysbiosis, and they seem associated with disorders and diseases in the host. A specific group of xenobiotics, called endocrine-disrupting chemicals, is particularly important due to relevant adverse health effects. A considerable challenge in risk assessment is the combined exposure to xenobiotics, for which the integrated approaches, including the One Health concept, are still under development. Nevertheless, recent research advancements focus on molecular data in the search for elucidating crucial microbiome biomarkers, associated with physiopathology and specific dysfunctions triggered by xenobiotic exposure. In this context, the application of meta-omics and integration of genomics, metagenomics, metabolomics, metatranscriptomics, proteomics and multidisciplinary approaches are particularly important. © 2022 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority. | combined exposure; environmental omics; farm to fork; microbiota-disrupting chemicals; One Health; unintentional mixtures; xenobiotics |
| Role of landscape context in Toxoplasma gondii infection of invasive definitive and intermediate hosts on a World Heritage Island | Free-ranging cats are invasive species threatening biodiversity worldwide. They may also impose an environmental risk to humans and livestock through the transmission of zoonotic diseases. We investigated antibody levels against Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging cats and black rats (definitive and representative intermediate hosts) by ELISA and determined their relationships with landscape environmental factors on Tokunoshima Island, Japan, the Natural World Heritage site. We found a higher seroprevalence (>70%) in both cats and black rats in landscapes where the cattle barn density was high. This was consistent with higher density of rats revealed in our trapping survey. The spatial scale of landscape factors affecting infection was broader in cats (1 km buffer radius) than in black rats (100 m buffer radius). Both cats and rats showed an increasing trend in optical density (OD) values with increasing body weight and landscape cattle barn density, suggesting that the antibody concentration increases as the chance of exposure to T. gondii in the environment increases. Thus, management actions to stop humans from feeding cats and to control rat populations without using cats are both necessary to reduce the human health risk as well as to conserve endangered species on the island. © 2022 The Authors | animal experiment; animal model; antibody blood level; Article; biodiversity; blood sampling; body weight; body weight gain; cat; controlled study; disease transmission; environmental factor; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; forest; germfree animal; health hazard; Japan; landscape; livestock; microtiter plate assay; nonhuman; One Health; optical density; prevalence; questionnaire; rat; residential area; rural area; seroprevalence; Toxoplasma gondii; toxoplasmosis; zoonosis | Feeding cats; Infectious disease; Landscape analysis; One health; Transmission; Zoonoses |
| Implementation of one health approach in Jordan: Joint risk assessment of rabies and avian influenza utilizing the tripartite operational tool | Background Health challenges at the human-animal-environment interface vary and include zoonotic and food-borne diseases as well as antimicrobial resistance. These are serious threats to animal and public health, and account for the majority of emerging and re-emerging conditions or infectious diseases. Reducing zoonotic disease threats requires an understanding of where and why risks exist. To support countries in building multi-sectoral mechanisms to jointly assess the risks at the human–animal–environment interface, a new operational tool is available to complement the existing tripartite guide to addressing zoonotic diseases in countries. The aim of this study is to conduct joint risk assessment (JRA) of rabies and avian influenza in Jordan utilizing the tripartite Joint Risk Assessment Operational Tool (JRA OT). Methods Representatives of sectors that are involved in zoonotic diseases outbreak investigation, control, surveillance and risk assessment, were trained on JRA OT. The operational tool of tripartite guide to addressing zoonotic diseases in countries that was developed by WHO (World Health Organization), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and WOAH (World Organization for Animal Health) was utilized to conduct risk assessment for rabies and H5N1 avian influenza in Jordan. Results The risk assessment outcome for rabies were as follows: Likelihood is high; impact is moderate with moderate level of uncertainty. The impact of the disease is moderate because the virus transmitted only by animal bite in Jordan. The level of uncertainty is moderate due to existence of some gaps in data available from the ministries regarding the surveillance and collection areas of wild animals with feral dogs. The risk assessment outcome for H5N1 AI indicated a low likelihood estimate with moderate uncertainty level. The impact estimate for H5N1 AI in Jordan is moderate with a low level of uncertainty. Conclusions The tripartite JRA OT provides a helpful and easy to follow guide to bring together expertise and information from all relevant sectors to jointly assess risks from zoonotic diseases and contributes to the understanding and management of shared threats at the human–animal–environment interface. © 2022 | Article; avian influenza; bite; disease surveillance; environmental health; human; Influenza A virus (H5N1); intersectoral collaboration; Jordan; rabies; risk assessment; tripartite Joint Risk Assessment Operational Tool; uncertainty; United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization; virus load; virus transmission; wild animal; World Health Organization; zoonosis | Avian influenza; Inter-sectoral collaboration; Joint risk assessment; Jordan; One health; Rabies; Zoonotic diseases |
| A new One Health Joint Action Plan | [No abstract available] | Cooperative Behavior; Humans; One Health; cooperation; human; One Health |
| First detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Echinococcus multilocularis has been spreading through Central Eastern Europe but has not yet been reported in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Recently, this parasite is confirmed in Croatia suggesting the movement of the parasite’s distribution limit further south. Given that there is no surveillance or monitoring system for echinococcosis in B&H, our study was designed as a pilot study of E. multilocularis. A total of 57 red foxes originating from 24 localities all over the country were collected during the routine rabies monitoring, autopsied and examined for the presence of echinococcosis. Based on intestinal scraping technique and microscopy, E. multilocularis adult worms have been detected in one (1/57, 1.75%) red fox. To verify this finding and to differentiate Echinococcus spp., DNA extracted from adult worms was subjected to species-specific PCR targeting part of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene. E. multilocularis PCR-positive samples were further confirmed by NGS sequencing of a 203 bp amplified fragment of 12S rRNA, which has been deposited in GenBank (Accession no.: OP047920). This finding represents the first detection of E. multilocularis in B&H, strongly suggesting its presence in the country. The confirmation of the parasite in the same locality where migrants/refugees temporarily stay on their route to Western Europe highlights the need for a One Health approach in addressing all future questions. Moreover, the first detection of E. multilocularis in B&H warrants the need for the implementation of an appropriate state surveillance program. © 2022 The Authors | RNA 12S; Article; autopsy; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; DNA extraction; echinococcosis; Echinococcus granulosus; Echinococcus multilocularis; GenBank; high throughput sequencing; microscopy; migrant; nonhuman; One Health; parasite; polymerase chain reaction; rabies; refugee; stereomicroscopy; Vulpes vulpes | Alveolar echinococcosis; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Echinococcus multilocularis; NGS; PCR; Red fox |
| Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in elephants through a One Health approach: a systematic review | Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) that causes the chronic infectious disease- tuberculosis (TB), often presents with a complicated epidemiological pattern where the transmission chain may include humans, domestic animals and wildlife, including elephants. TB has been reported globally in both captive and wild elephants. The One Health approach might be the most effective way of understanding the shared MTC infection dynamics in captive and wild animals like Asian elephants. This systematic review accumulates evidence on occurrence, transmission pathways, and preventive measures of TB in elephants from a One Health perspective. Results: The prevalence of TB reported in elephant populations ranges from 0 to 23.33% and high prevalence’s are reported for elephants that are in close proximity to infected humans. The risk of elephant to human infection transmission increased significantly with exposure duration and contact with infected elephants. Some studies described the plausible TB transmission to captive elephants from other animals (wild and domestic), suggesting inter- and intra-species transmission. The results of this systematic review based on 27 relevant published works, suggest three overarching interrelated transmission pathways for M. tuberculosis infections in Asian elephants- i) humans and elephants, ii) other animals (wild or domestic) and elephants and iii) unclear sources of infection. Conclusions: The progress made with new TB diagnostic tools provides multiple methods to choose from. However, lack of harmonization of TB testing in elephants and their human contacts remains a challenge to prevent TB in those animals. Routine TB screening among elephants and caretakers by setting up an occupational health program for early diagnosis of infection through combined efforts of public health, veterinary medicine, and occupational health experts is suggested. This implies the need for a One Health approach to elephant TB control. This review reveals the need for more research on Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex transmission pathways at the human-animal interface. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Animals, Wild; Elephants; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; One Health; Tuberculosis; Article; disease burden; disease transmission; early diagnosis; elephant; Elephas maximus; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; immunoblotting; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; nonhuman; occupational health; One Health; prevalence; public health; randomized controlled trial (topic); systematic review; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; veterinary medicine; zoonosis; animal; microbiology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; tuberculosis; wild animal | Elephas maximus; Loxodonta Africana; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prevention; Transmission; Zoonosis |
| An overview of the trypanosomatid (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) parasites infecting several mammal species in Colombia | Background: Trypanosomatids are among the most critical parasites for public health due to their impact on human, animal, and plant health. Diseases associated with these pathogens manifest mainly in poor and vulnerable populations, where social, environmental, and biological factors modulate the case incidence and geographical distribution. Methods: We used Sanger and amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) in samples from different mammals to identify trypanosomatid infections in several departments in Colombia. A total of 174 DNA samples (18 humans, 83 dogs, and 73 wild mammals) were analyzed by conventional PCR using a fragment of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) gene and Sanger sequenced the positive samples. Twenty-seven samples were sent for amplicon-based NGS using the same gene fragment. Data obtained were used to perform diversity analyses. Results: One hundred and thirteen samples were positive for PCR by Hsp70 fragment; these corresponded to 22.1% Leishmania spp., 18.6% L. amazonensis, 9.7% L. braziliensis, 14.2% L. infantum, 8% L. panamensis, and 27.4% Trypanosoma cruzi. Comparison of the identified species by the two sequencing technologies used resulted in 97% concordance. Alpha and beta diversity indices were significant, mainly for dogs; there was an interesting index of coinfection events in the analyzed samples: different Leishmania species and the simultaneous presence of T. cruzi and even T. rangeli in one of the samples analyzed. Moreover, a low presence of L. braziliensis was observed in samples from wild mammals. Interestingly, to our knowledge, this is the first report of Leishmania detection in Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (capybara) in Colombia. Conclusions: The Hsp70 fragment used in this study is an optimal molecular marker for trypanosomatid identification in many hosts and allows the identification of different species in the same sample when amplicon-based sequencing is used. However, the use of this fragment for molecular diagnosis through conventional PCR should be carefully interpreted because of this same capacity to identify several parasites. This point is of pivotal importance in highly endemic countries across South America because of the co-circulation of different genera from the Trypanosomatidae family. The findings show an interesting starting point for One Health approaches in which coevolution and vector-host interactions can be studied. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Chagas Disease; Colombia; Dogs; Humans; Kinetoplastida; Leishmania; Mammals; Parasites; Rodentia; heat shock protein 70; molecular marker; amplicon; Article; coinfection; Colombia; controlled study; data analysis; DNA determination; dog; endemic disease; gene sequence; health promotion; high throughput sequencing; host parasite interaction; Hsp70 gene; human; Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris; infection prevention; Kinetoplastida; Leishmania; Leishmania amazonensis; Leishmania braziliensis; Leishmania infantum; Leishmania panamensis; mammal; molecular diagnosis; molecular evolution; nonhuman; One Health; parasite identification; polymerase chain reaction; Sanger sequencing; South America; species comparison; species diversity; species identification; Trypanosoma cruzi; Trypanosoma rangeli; trypanosomatid infection; Trypanosomatidae; wild species; animal; Chagas disease; Colombia; genetics; Kinetoplastida; Leishmania; mammal; parasite; parasitology; rodent | Amplicon-based NGS; Coinfection; Diversity; Mammals; Sanger; Trypanosomatids |
| Widespread exposure to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Uganda might be driven by transmission from Rhipicephalus ticks: Evidence from cross-sectional and modelling studies | Background: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick-borne viral infection, present across Africa and Eurasia, which might pose a cryptic public health problem in Uganda. We aimed to understand the magnitude and distribution of CCHF risk in humans, livestock and ticks across Uganda by synthesising epidemiological (cross-sectional) and ecological (modelling) studies. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study at three urban abattoirs receiving cattle from across Uganda. We sampled humans (n = 478), livestock (n = 419) and ticks (n = 1065) and used commercially-available kits to detect human and livestock CCHF virus (CCHFV) antibodies and antigen in tick pools. We developed boosted regression tree models to evaluate the correlates and geographical distribution of expected tick and wildlife hosts, and of human CCHF exposures, drawing on continent-wide data. Findings: The cross-sectional study found CCHFV IgG/IgM seroprevalence in humans of 10·3% (7·8–13·3), with antibody detection positively associated with reported history of tick bite (age-adjusted odds ratio = 2·09 (1·09–3·98)). Cattle had a seroprevalence of 69·7% (65·1–73·4). Only one Hyalomma tick (CCHFV-negative) was found. However, CCHFV antigen was detected in Rhipicephalus (5·9% of 304 pools) and Amblyomma (2·9% of 34 pools) species. Modelling predicted high human CCHF risk across much of Uganda, low environmental suitability for Hyalomma, and high suitability for Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma. Interpretation: Our epidemiological and ecological studies provide complementary evidence that CCHF exposure risk is widespread across Uganda. We challenge the idea that Hyalomma ticks are consistently the principal reservoir and vector for CCHFV, and postulate that Rhipicephalus might be important for CCHFV transmission in Uganda, due to high frequency of infected ticks and predicted environmental suitability. Funding: UCL Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) and Pan-African Network on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections (PANDORA-ID-NET) funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) under the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. © 2022 | Animals; Cattle; Cross-Sectional Studies; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean; Humans; Ixodidae; Rhipicephalus; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Uganda; animal; bovine; Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; cross-sectional study; human; Ixodidae; Rhipicephalus; seroepidemiology; Uganda | Abattoir; Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever; Ecology; Epidemiology; Livestock; One health; Ticks; Uganda |
| Effectiveness and profitability of preventive veterinary interventions in controlling infectious diseases of ruminant livestock in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review | Agriculture in general, and livestock production in particular, serve as a livelihood source for many people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In many settings, lack of control of infectious diseases hampers livestock productivity, undermining the livelihood of rural populations. This scoping review sought to identify veterinary interventions previously evaluated as well as their relative effectiveness in controlling infectious livestock diseases. To be included, papers had to be written in English, German or French, and had to describe the effectiveness and/or profitability of preventive veterinary intervention(s) against anthrax, blackleg, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, goat pox, lumpy skin disease, pasteurellosis, peste des petits ruminants, and/or sheep pox in any SSA country. Of the 2748 publications initially screened, 84 met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Most of the studies (n = 73, 87%) evaluated the effectiveness and/or profitability of vaccination, applied exclusively, applied jointly with, or compared to strategies like deworming, antimicrobial treatment, surveillance, feed supplementation, culling and dipping in reducing morbidity and/or mortality to livestock diseases. The effectiveness and/or profitability of antimicrobial treatment (n = 5), test and slaughter (n = 5), and use of lay animal health workers (n = 1) applied exclusively, were evaluated in the other studies. Vaccination was largely found to be both effective and with positive return on investment. Ineffective vaccination was mainly due to loss of vaccine potency under unfavorable field conditions like adverse weather events, cold chain failure, and mismatch of circulating pathogen strain and the vaccines in use. In summary, vaccination is the most effective and profitable means of controlling infectious livestock diseases in SSA. However, to achieve effective control of these diseases, its implementation must integrate pathogen surveillance, and optimal vaccine delivery tools, to overcome the reported field challenges. © 2022, The Author(s). | Africa South of the Sahara; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Communicable Diseases; Goat Diseases; Goats; Humans; Livestock; Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; vaccine; animal culling; anthrax; antihelminthic therapy; antimicrobial therapy; Article; bovine tuberculosis; brucellosis; buffalo; cold stress; comparative effectiveness; contagious pleuropneumonia; data extraction; dietary supplement; disease surveillance; drug delivery system; drug potency; factual database; foot and mouth disease; goat; goatpox; infection; investment; lay health worker; livestock; lumpy skin disease; morbidity; mortality; myositis; nonhuman; One Health; pasteurellosis; peste des petits ruminants; pneumonia; prevention and control; profit; quality control; ruminant; sheep; sheeppox; slaughtering; species; vaccination; weather; Africa south of the Sahara; animal; bovine; cattle disease; communicable disease; goat disease; human; livestock; peste des petits ruminants; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus; sheep disease; veterinary medicine | Effectiveness; Infectious disease; One health; Preventive interventions; Profitability; Ruminant livestock; Vaccination |
| One Health gains momentum in Africa but room exists for improvement | Objectives: The degree of One-Healthiness of a system relates to the effectiveness of an institution to operate within the six main dimensions which identify to what extent it complies with One Health concept. This paper evaluates institutional compliance with One Health concept in 14 institutions from eight African countries. Methods: We utilised the adapted Network for the Evaluation of One Health (NEOH) tool. The institutions included six national One Health platforms and eight other institutions utilizing One Health approaches. Semi-quantitative evaluation of One Health platforms’ competencies in six aspects/dimensions concerning One Health operations and infrastructure: Systems Thinking, Planning, Transdisciplinary working, Sharing, Learning and Systemic Organization, was conducted. Results: The evaluation revealed that although all aspects of One Health scored above average, systemic organization and working in One Health were the strongest areas where tremendous gains had been made across the evaluated countries. The aspects of planning, sharing, learning, and thinking should be optimized to achieve gains emanating from One Health approaches in Africa. Cultural and social balance, and integrated health approach were the strongest areas under working and thinking respectively. Thinking was particularly challenged in areas of dimensions coverage and balance, while planning was challenged in the areas of capacity for detection, identification, monitoring of infectious diseases; biosafety and quality management; skills through taught and distance-learning programmes; information and communication technologies to support learning and skills through research apprenticeships. Conclusion: We conclude that although One Health has gained momentum in Africa, there still exists room for improvement. The revealed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and gaps in One Health implementation provide an opportunity for prioritization and refocusing of efforts and resources to strengthen the identified weak areas. © 2022 The Authors | Africa; apprenticeship; Article; biosafety; communication skill; communication technology; controlled study; distance learning; health care planning; human; infection; information technology; integrated health care system; medical research; monitoring; One Health; protocol compliance; quantitative analysis; staff training; thinking; total quality management | Functionality; Integrated approaches to health; National One Health Platform; One Health evaluation; One Health index; One Health ratio; Transdisciplinary |
| Mathematical modelling Treponema infection in free-ranging Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Tanzania | Yaws is a chronic infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum susp. pertenue (TPE) that was thought to be an exclusive human pathogen but was recently found and confirmed in nonhuman primates. In this paper, we develop the first compartmental ODE model for TPE infection with treatment of wild olive baboons. We solve for disease-free and endemic equilibria and give conditions on local and global stability of the disease-free equilibrium. We calibrate the model based on the data from Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania. We use the model to help the park managers devise an effective strategy for treatment. We show that an increasing treatment rate yields a decrease in disease prevalence. This indicates that TPE can be eliminated through intense management in closed population. Specifically, we show that if the whole population is treated at least once every 5-6 years, a disease-free equilibrium can be reached. Furthermore, we demonstrate that to see a substantial decrease of TPE infection to near-elimination levels within 15 years, the whole population needs to be treated every 2-3 years. © 2022 The Author(s) | Animals; Humans; Papio anubis; Tanzania; Treponema; Treponema pallidum; Yaws; antibiotic agent; Article; compartment model; controlled study; disease elimination; disease free interval; drug dependence; endemic disease; female; lake; male; national park; nonhuman; olive baboon; Papio anubis; population dynamics; prevalence; sensitivity analysis; Tanzania; treatment planning; treponematosis; animal; human; microbiology; Papio anubis; Tanzania; Treponema; Treponema pallidum; yaws | Elimination; Mathematical model; Nonhuman primates; One health; Treatment; Yaws |
| Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus collected from livestock, poultry and humans | Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prominent nosocomial, community and farm acquired bacterial infections among animals and human populations. The main purpose of our study was to identify and characterize antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from livestock, poultry and humans and to further identify the associated genes. Staphylococcus aureus isolates from human, bovine, swine and poultry were collected from different laboratories across the United States collected between 2003 and 2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 13 antimicrobials was performed and conventional PCR was used to detect the presence of the nuc gene, mec gene, and to detect int1 gene. Associations between the presence of mec and intl and specific AMR profiles were determined. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in all four host categories, with the highest overall rates found in swine, 100% resistant to tetracycline, 88% to penicillin and 64% clindamycin. The next highest was found among humans with 81.6% of isolates resistant to penicillin followed by 44% to clindamycin and 43% to erythromycin. Among beef cattle isolates, 63.2% were resistant to penicillin, 15.8% resistant to clindamycin and 15.8% to erythromycin. No isolates from any of the hosts were resistant to linezolid. Among poultry isolates, the highest AMR was found to clindamycin, followed by erythromycin and penicillin. Among dairy cattle, highest resistance was found to penicillin, followed by chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Dairy cattle were the only host category with isolates that are resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Of the 220 isolates detected by latex agglutination, 217 were confirmed to be S. aureus via PCR of the nuc gene, 21.4% were positive for the mecA gene. Swine had the highest prevalence of the mecA gene, followed by humans, poultry and beef cattle. This study has demonstrated a high occurrence of penicillin resistance among all S. aureus isolates. There were differences observed between host species with tetracycline resistance being the highest among swine isolates and clindamycin being highest in poultry isolates. No detection of oxacillin resistance was found in isolates from dairy cattle but was found in isolates from all of the other host species, 94% of which contained the mecA gene. © 2022 | cefoxitin; ceftaroline; chloramphenicol; ciprofloxacin; clindamycin; cotrimoxazole; erythromycin; gentamicin; latex; linezolid; oxacillin; penicillin derivative; penicillin G; rifampicin; tetracycline; vancomycin; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; antigen antibody reaction; Article; bacterial gene; bacterium isolate; bacterium isolation; beef cattle; bovine; controlled study; dairy cattle; environment; gene identification; genetic association; genetic variability; host; human; int1 gene; integron; latex agglutination test; livestock; mecA gene; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; nonhuman; nuc gene; One Health; penicillin resistance; pig; polymerase chain reaction; poultry; prevalence; Staphylococcus aureus; tetracycline resistance; trimethoprim resistance; United States | Antimicrobial resistance; Environment; Human; Livestock; MRSA; One health; Staphylococcus aureus |
| Texas professionals are employing a one health approach to protect the United States against biosecurity threats | Texas is a geographically large state with large human and livestock populations, many farms, a long coastal region, and extreme fluctuations in weather. During the last 15 years, the state of Texas has frequently suffered disasters or catastrophes causing extensive morbidity and economic loss. These disasters often have complicated consequences requiring multi-faceted responses. Recently, an interdisciplinary network of professionals from multiple academic institutions has emerged to collaborate in protecting Texas and the USA using a One Health approach. These experts are training the next generation of scientists in biopreparedness; increasing understanding of pathogens that cause repetitive harm; developing new therapeutics and vaccines against them; and developing novel surveillance approaches so that emerging pathogens will be detected early and thwarted before they can cause disastrous human and economic losses. These academic One Health partnerships strengthen our ability to protect human and animal health against future catastrophes that may impact the diverse ecoregions of Texas and the world. © 2022 The Authors | Article; biosecurity; disaster; education program; entomology; graduate student; health care policy; health practitioner; human; infection; international cooperation; medical education; medical expert; One Health; patient care; physician; public health; scientist; Texas; United States | Biosecurity; Catastrophe; Emerging infectious diseases; One health; Spillover; Texas |
| An argument for pandemic risk management using a multidisciplinary One Health approach to governance: an Australian case study | The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant global impact. However, COVID-19 is just one of several high-impact infectious diseases that emerged from wildlife and are linked to the human relationship with nature. The rate of emergence of new zoonoses (diseases of animal origin) is increasing, driven by human-induced environmental changes that threaten biodiversity on a global scale. This increase is directly linked to environmental drivers including biodiversity loss, climate change and unsustainable resource extraction. Australia is a biodiversity hotspot and is subject to sustained and significant environmental change, increasing the risk of it being a location for pandemic origin. Moreover, the global integration of markets means that consumption trends in Australia contributes to the risk of disease spill-over in our regional neighbours in Asia-Pacific, and beyond. Despite the clear causal link between anthropogenic pressures on the environment and increasing pandemic risks, Australia’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, like most of the world, has centred largely on public health strategies, with a clear focus on reactive management. Yet, the span of expertise and evidence relevant to the governance of pandemic risk management is much wider than public health and epidemiology. It involves animal/wildlife health, biosecurity, conservation sciences, social sciences, behavioural psychology, law, policy and economic analyses to name just a few. The authors are a team of multidisciplinary practitioners and researchers who have worked together to analyse, synthesise, and harmonise the links between pandemic risk management approaches and issues in different disciplines to provide a holistic overview of current practice, and conclude the need for reform in Australia. We discuss the adoption of a comprehensive and interdisciplinary ‘One Health’ approach to pandemic risk management in Australia. A key goal of the One Health approach is to be proactive in countering threats of emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses through a recognition of the interdependence between human, animal, and environmental health. Developing ways to implement a One Health approach to pandemic prevention would not only reduce the risk of future pandemics emerging in or entering Australia, but also provide a model for prevention strategies around the world. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Australia; COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; Risk Management; SARS-CoV-2; Zoonoses; Australia; COVID-19; crisis management; disease control; disease transmission; environmental change; epidemiology; hazard management; human activity; interdisciplinary approach; public health; animal; Australia; human; pandemic; prevention and control; risk management; zoonosis | Australia; Environment; Governance; Law; One Health; Pandemic; Prevention; Zoonose |
| One Health in action: Flea control and interpretative education at Badlands National Park | [No abstract available] | Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Flea Infestations; Humans; Insecticides; One Health; Parks, Recreational; Siphonaptera; insecticide; animal; dog; dog disease; flea; flea infestation; human; One Health; recreational park; veterinary medicine |
| Nationally and locally-initiated One Health approach in controlling rabies in West Kalimantan, Indonesia | Background and Aim: Rabies is one of the prioritized zoonoses in Indonesia and West Kalimantan is one of the rabies-endemic provinces in the country. This study aimed to evaluate a locally-initiated One Health approach to implement rabies prevention and control programs in Pontianak City and Sanggau District (through a bottom-up approach), and the central government initiated a program in Ketapang District (through a top-down approach). Materials and Methods: Data were collected using three focused group discussions involving public health and animal health/veterinary sectors from each district or city. This study collected data from the rabies control program in West Kalimantan from 2014 to 2020. Results: The evaluation results of the rabies prevention and control program in Pontianak City and Sanggau District that used the local initiative approach were considered effective in reducing the number of rabies cases in these areas, and they overcame the challenges, for example, limited resources, in this area. Pontianak City and Sanggau District initiatives’ approach was a bottom-up policy. Thus, this program had better sustainability than the One Health approach in the Ketapang District, which used a top-down implementation. The approach in Ketapang District was also considered adequate to reduce the number of rabies cases in the area. However, the reshuffle of animal health officers and health workers in 2020, which was not followed by training on One Health for the new officers, became a challenge in implementing One Health in Ketapang District. Conclusion: National and local initiatives’ One Health approach implemented by Ketapang District, Sanggau District, and Pontianak City involved multiple sectors and was considered effective in preventing and controlling rabies in these areas. However, the sustainability of this program in the Ketapang District requires commitment and support from the local government. © 2022 Veterinary World. All rights reserved. | animal health; Article; cholera; controlled study; disease control; disease surveillance; dog bite; government; health care personnel; human; Indonesia; infection; nonhuman; One Health; prophylaxis; public health; questionnaire; rabies; vaccination; veterinary medicine; zoonosis | infectious disease; One Health; rabies; zoonoses |
| Awareness regarding antimicrobial resistance and confidence to prescribe antibiotics in dentistry: a cross-continental student survey | Background: The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis is a major global threat and one of its biggest drivers is the overuse of antibiotics in humans. Dentists are responsible for 5–10% antibiotic prescriptions worldwide and recent data suggest that knowledge and prescribing practices need improvement. Methods: A cross-sectional web-survey was sent to dental students from six universities in Norway, Canada, and Brazil. Topics addressed covered awareness, confidence to prescribe antibiotics, and education needs. Data were presented descriptively and statistical testing was employed to compare group means when applicable. Results: In total, 562 responses were collected across the three countries with a response rate of 28.6%. ‘Antibiotic resistance’ was among the highest priorities (scale 1–10) with an average of 8.86 (SEM ± 0.05), together with ‘Gender inequality’ (8.68 ± 0.07) and ‘Climate change’ (8.68 ± 0.07). Only 28.8% thought that Dentistry was engaged in national/international campaigns promoting awareness on the topic and 8.9% stated to have heard about the ‘One Health’ concept. Final year dental students showed an average confidence to prescribe antibiotics of 7.59 (± 0.14). Most students demonstrated interest in receiving additional education on all topics listed, with the three most pressing being ‘antibiotic prescription for treatment of infections’ (82.9%), ‘drug interactions’ (80.9%), and ‘spread of antibiotic resistance’ (79.6%). A trend was observed between higher awareness regarding the topic and higher confidence to prescribe. Conclusions: There is a need to revisit dental education on antibiotic resistance with a global perspective and to create more stewardship initiatives that promote awareness on the topic. © 2022, The Author(s). | Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Prescriptions; Surveys and Questionnaires; antibiotic agent; antiinfective agent; adult; antibiotic resistance; antimicrobial stewardship; Article; Brazil; Canada; climate change; clinical competence; dental education; dental student; female; gender inequality; human; male; Norway; One Health; prescribing practice; professional knowledge; student attitude; cross-sectional study; prescription; questionnaire | Antibiotic resistance; Antimicrobial stewardship; Cross-sectional survey; Drug prescriptions; Health education; Microbiology |
| Reducing zoonotic avian influenza transmission at household poultry slaughter using a behaviour change tool for limited literacy audiences | Human infections in Egypt with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) likely due to airborne transmission of HPAI virus (HPAIV) during home slaughter of poultry predominately affect women and children, who are the primary caregivers of household poultry. This study developed a safe contained poultry slaughter procedure to reduce airborne HPAIV and zoonotic infections and simultaneously created an educational outreach tool for teaching the modified procedure. The tool designed for limited literacy audiences used two illustrated posters and handouts for teaching the safe contained poultry slaughter procedure. The posters were developed with advice of animal health professionals and then refined by target audience women’s focus groups. These women’s focus groups proved to be the critical step for assuring the understanding, acceptance, effectiveness and accuracy of the outreach tool. The safe contained poultry slaughter procedure was designed to be low or no cost, sustainable by using a universal implement found in village households and designed as a minor variation of standard poultry halal slaughter. It was crafted to be culturally appropriate and religiously acceptable. © 2022 The Authors. Zoonoses and Public Health published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. | Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Influenza in Birds; Literacy; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; adult; Article; behavior change; controlled study; highly pathogenic avian influenza; household; muscle spasm; nonhuman; One Health; poultry; religious slaughter; slaughtering; veterinarian; zoonosis; animal; avian influenza; bird disease; epidemic; female; human; Influenza A virus (H5N1); literacy | avian influenza; behaviour change; limited literacy; one health; safe poultry slaughter; zoonosis |
| Dermanyssosis in the Urban Context: When the One Health Paradigm Is Put into Practice | Poultry red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) are primarily ectoparasites of laying hens but also parasitize synanthropic birds in urban contexts. This mite can occasionally attack mammals, including humans, and cause mild to severe dermatitis. Attacks by zoonotic Mesostigmata mites are currently an increasing but still neglected problem of urban life. The authors present two cases of dermanyssosis involving two health workers at a hospital, linked to air conditioning outdoor units colonized by pigeons. Videos that describe the environmental contamination by D. gallinae and show where the infestation originated are presented. In addition, the authors update the literature of all urban cases, which, to date, reports over 240 clinical cases, mostly in private homes but also in public buildings. Dermatitis due to these mites is often unrecognized and, therefore, misdiagnosed. This report describes how the two cases herein reported were rapidly resolved thanks to the close cooperation between veterinary parasitologists and allergologists. It is crucial to raise awareness of the problem among general practitioners and specialists. In addition, the authors suggest a reconsideration of urban architectural choices that increase the public health risk posed by dermanyssosis and other diseases related to synanthropic birds. © 2022 by the authors. | pyrethroid; adult; air pollution; Article; awareness; case report; clinical article; contamination; Dermanyssus; Dermanyssus gallinae; Dermanyssus gallinae infestation; dermatitis; diagnostic error; disinfection; erythema; female; fumigation; general practitioner; health care personnel; health hazard; human; microscopy; middle aged; mite infestation; One Health; patch test; prurigo; public health; skin defect; urban health; urticaria; young adult | human dermatitis; Italy; one health paradigm; pigeons; poultry red mite |
| Managing zoonotic diseases in the international wildlife trade through the One Health approach: a future role for CITES?* | The wildlife trade regime is largely governed by the framework established by the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The emergence of COVID-19 in late 2019 as a zoonotic disease, attributed to either bats or pangolins, might imply that the subsequent pandemic could have been prevented if wildlife trading under CITES was better regulated through provisions related to public health. Many species of bats and pangolins are indeed listed as endangered under Appendix I of CITES. But is CITES well equipped to deal with public health in the context of the wildlife trade? Given that the text of CITES does not primarily deal with health-related aspects of the wildlife trade, the treaty text may need to be amended. Even without significant amendments, however, the existing framework of CITES could conform to the One Health approach – integrating animal, human and environmental health – depending upon the willingness of States Parties to adopt national legislation that advances several health-related resolutions made under CITES and other relevant instruments that regulate human–wildlife interactions. As 60 per cent of the diseases in the world are zoonotic, and 13 zoonoses are responsible for close to 2.4 billion cases of sickness per year, the management of zoonotic diseases within the CITES framework could have important implications for the wildlife trade, international environmental law, and the future of global health. © 2022 The Author and 2022 Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; One Health approach; public health; treaty reform; wildlife trade; zoonotic diseases |
| Genomic Diversity of Campylobacter lari Group Isolates from Europe and Australia in a One Health Context | Members of the Campylobacter lari group are causative agents of human gastroenteritis and are frequently found in shellfish, marine waters, shorebirds, and marine mammals. Within a One Health context, we used comparative genomics to characterize isolates from a diverse range of sources and geographical locations within Europe and Australia and assess possible transmission of food, animal, and environmental isolates to the human host. A total of 158 C. lari isolates from Australia, Denmark, France, and Germany, which included 82 isolates from human stool and blood, 12 from food, 14 from domestic animal, 19 from waterbirds, and 31 from the environment were analyzed. Genome-wide analysis of the genetic diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) traits was carried-out. Most of the isolates belonged to C. lari subsp. lari (Cll; 98, 62.0%), while C. lari subsp. concheus and C. lari urease-positive thermotolerant Campylobacter (UPTC) were represented by 12 (7.6%) and 15 (9.5%) isolates, respectively. Furthermore, 33 (20.9%) isolates were not assigned a subspecies and were thus attributed to distant Campylobacter spp. clades. Whole-genome sequence-derived multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core-genome MLST (cgMLST) analyses revealed a high genetic diversity with 97 sequence types (STs), including 60 novel STs and 14 cgMLST clusters (#10 allele differences), respectively. The most prevalent STs were ST-21, ST-70, ST-24, and ST-58 (accounting for 13.3%, 4.4%, 3.8%, and 3.2% of isolates, respectively). A high prevalence of the 125 examined virulence-related loci (from 76.8 to 98.4% per isolate) was observed, especially in Cll isolates, suggesting a probable human pathogenicity of these strains. IMPORTANCE Currently, relatedness between bacterial isolates impacting human health is easily monitored by molecular typing methods. These approaches rely on discrete loci or whole-genome sequence (WGS) analyses. Campylobacter lari is an emergent human pathogen isolated from diverse ecological niches, including fecal material from humans and animals, aquatic environments, and seafood. The presence of C. lari in such diverse sources underlines the importance of adopting an integrated One Health approach in studying C. lari population structure for conducting epidemiological risk assessment. This retrospective study presents a comparative genomics analysis of C. lari isolates retrieved from two different continents (Europe and Australia) and from different sources (human, domestic animals, waterbirds, food, and environment). It was designed to improve knowledge regarding C. lari ecology and pathogenicity, important for developing effective surveillance and disease prevention strategies. Copyright © 2022 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. | Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Campylobacter lari; Genomics; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell; Mammals; Multilocus Sequence Typing; One Health; Retrospective Studies; Australia; Denmark; Europe; France; Germany; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Mammals; Australia; Campylobacter lari; Campylobacter lari group; Comparative genomics; Domestic animals; Genomic diversity; One health; Virulence gene; Waterbirds; Whole genome sequencing; allele; bacterium; gastroenteritis; genetic variation; genomics; pathogen; pathogenicity; population structure; relatedness; subspecies; virulence; animal; Campylobacter jejuni; Campylobacter lari; campylobacteriosis; chronic lymphatic leukemia; genetics; genomics; human; mammal; microbiology; multilocus sequence typing; One Health; retrospective study; veterinary medicine; Genes | Campylobacter lari group; genomic diversity; One Health; virulence genes; whole-genome sequencing |
| Genomic Analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 Strain Coproducing KPC-2 and CTX-M-14 Isolated from Poultry in the Brazilian Amazon Region | This study aimed to characterize a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (KP411) recovered from the stool samples of poultry (Gallus gallus) in the Brazilian Amazon Region. The whole-genome sequencing of KP411 revealed the presence of an important arsenal of antimicrobial resistance genes to β-lactams (blaCTX-M-14, blaTEM-1B, blaKPC-2, blaSVH-11), aminoglycosides [aph(3″)- Ib, aph(6)-Id, aph(3′)-Ia], sulfonamides (sul1, sul2), quinolones (oqxAB), fosfomycin (fosAKP), and macrolides [mph(A)]. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that the KP411 strain belongs to the ST258 clonal lineage, which is one of the main epidemic clones responsible for the dissemination of KPC-2 worldwide. Our data suggest that food-producing animals may act as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae belonging to the ST258 clone, and, consequently, contribute to their dissemination to humans and the environment. © 2022 by the authors. | amikacin; aminoglycoside; aztreonam; carbapenem; cefepime; ceftazidime; ceftriaxone; ciprofloxacin; colistin; ertapenem; gentamicin; imipenem; levofloxacin; macrolide; meropenem; polymyxin B; sulfonamide; virulence factor; agar dilution; animal experiment; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; Brazilian; carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae; computer model; DNA extraction; epidemic; food industry; Gallus gallus; genomics; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Klebsiella pneumoniae ctx m14; Klebsiella pneumoniae st258; minimum inhibitory concentration; multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae; multilocus sequence typing; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phenotype; phylogenetic tree; phylogeny; poultry; quality control; sequence analysis; whole genome sequencing | Brazilian Amazon Region; carbapenemase; food-production animal; genomic surveillance; one health; resistome |
| Driving effect of multiplex factors on human brucellosis in high incidence region, implication for brucellosis based on one health concept | Brucellosis is a typical zoonosis driven by various risk factors, including environmental ones. The present study aimed to explore the driving effect of environmental factors on human brucellosis in a high incidence rate area, which provides understanding and implications in mitigating disease transmission risk in a multi-system between the human-animal-environment interface for preventing and controlling brucellosis based on the One Health concept. Based on the monthly time series data of human brucellosis and environmental variables, a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model with explanatory variables (SARIMAX) was applied to assess the association between environmental indicators and human brucellosis incidence (IHB). The results indicated distinct seasonal fluctuation during the study duration, tending to climb from April to August. Atmospheric pressure, precipitation, relative humidity, mean temperature, sunshine duration, and normalized difference vegetation index significantly drive IHB. Moreover, the well-fitting and predicting capability were performed and assessed in the optimal model was the SARIMAX (0,1,1) (0,1,1)12 model with the normalized difference vegetation index (β = 0.349, P = 0.036) and mean temperature (β = 0.133, P = 0.046) lagged in 6 months, and the precipitation lagged in 1 month (β = −0.090, P = 0.004). Our study suggests the association between environmental risk factors and human brucellosis infection, which can be contributed to mitigating the transmission risk in the environmental drivers in a multi-system interface through comprehensive prevention and intervention strategies based on the One Health concept. © 2022 The Author(s) | Article; atmospheric pressure; brucellosis; environmental factor; environmental indicator; environmental temperature; human; incidence; infection control; longitudinal study; major clinical study; mitigation; Mongolia; observational study; precipitation; predictive model; relative humidity; retrospective study; seasonal variation; sunlight; time series analysis; vegetation | Autoregressive integrated moving average model; Driving effect; Environmental factors; Human brucellosis; One health |
| Cat scratch disease: What to do with the cat? | Purpose: Cat scratch disease (CSD) frequently has ophthalmologic manifestations. The ophthalmologist’s approach to treating neuroretinitis is familiar, but few eye care providers are comfortable answering the next question of “what do I do with my cat?” Published guidelines are often vague in answering the complexities of real-life conundrums that can lead patients and their doctors to believe that risk mitigation should involve removal of the animal. Here, we present demonstrative scenarios informed by clinical practice and provide updated recommendations. Observations: A 10-year-old boy presented with reduced vision in the right eye. Funduscopic examination identified optic nerve head edema with subretinal fluid, and a macular star developed one week later, consistent with the diagnosis of neuroretinitis. Serology confirmed Bartonella henselae antibodies and a diagnosis of CSD. The father disclosed that the family has recently adopted three kittens, who have scratched the boy and the patient’s younger sister. The physician and patient’s family find themselves at a loss regarding best practices for what should be done with the kittens. Conclusions and Importance: B. henselae has been detected in a variety of mammals and can be transmitted via vectors such as fleas. Even well-appearing animals can transmit the bacteria, months to years after their initial infection. Symptoms, clinical and laboratory findings will depend on bacterial load and strain virulence, as well as the physiological/immunological status of the host, with people at the extremes of age and the immunocompromised being at greater disease risk. Flea control is crucial to minimize transmission risk. Our veterinary expert (EBB) recommends testing (with serology and PCR) and treating infected animals (with doxycycline and a quinolone). Patients should be counseled to speak with their pets’ veterinarian. When addressing the concerns of our CSD patients in clinical practice, ophthalmologists should be aware of the strategies for minimizing Bartonella transmission risk, and cognizant of the One Health approach for managing zoonoses. © 2022 | azithromycin; prednisone; rifampicin; Article; bacterial transmission; Bartonella; case report; cat scratch disease; child; clinical article; clinical practice; consultation; exudate; eye edema; eye examination; eye movement; eye photography; follow up; headache; human; infectious disease specialist; kitten; male; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; ophthalmology; optical coherence tomography; random amplified polymorphic DNA; retinal nerve fiber layer thickness; school child; subretinal fluid; visual acuity; visual field; visual impairment | Bartonella; Bartonellosis; Cat-scratch disease; Neuroretinitis; One health |
| Electroencephalographic signatures of dogs with presumptive diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction | Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease considered the canine analog of early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Unfortunately, CCD cannot be cured. However, early therapeutic interventions can slow the progression of cognitive decline and improve quality of life of the patients; therefore, early diagnosis is ideal. In humans, electroencephalogram (EEG) findings specific to AD have been described, and some of them have successfully detect early stages of the disease. In this study we characterized the EEG correlates of CCD, and we compared them with the EEGs of healthy aging dogs and dogs at risk of developing CCD. EEG recordings were performed in 25 senior dogs during wakefulness. Dogs were categorized in normal, at risk of CCD or with CCD according to their score in the Rofina questionnaire. We demonstrated that, quantitative EEG can detect differences between normal dogs and dogs with CCD. Dogs with CCD experience a reduction in beta and gamma interhemispheric coherence, and higher Joint Lempel Ziv complexity. Dogs at risk of developing CCD, had higher alpha power and interhemispheric coherence, making these features potential markers of early stages of the disease. These results demonstrate that quantitative EEG analysis could aid the diagnosis of CCD, and reinforce the CCD as a translational model of early AD. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd | Animals; Cognition Disorders; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Electroencephalography; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Quality of Life; aging; Alzheimer disease; animal experiment; animal model; Article; brain function; canine model; cognitive defect; controlled study; disease association; disease classification; disease course; electroencephalography; female; hemisphere; male; nonhuman; quantitative analysis; questionnaire; risk assessment; translational research; wakefulness; animal; degenerative disease; dog; dog disease; electroencephalography; human; psychology; quality of life; veterinary medicine | Aging; Alzheimer’s disease; Cognition; One health |
| An umbrella review of intersectoral and multisectoral approaches to health policy | Despite the widespread acceptance of the need for intersectoral and multisectoral approaches, knowledge around how to support, achieve, and sustain multisectoral action is limited. While there have been studies that seek to collate evidence on multisectoral action with a specific focus (e.g., Health in All Policies [HiAP]), we postulated that successes of working cross-sectorally to achieve health goals with one approach can glean insights and perhaps translate to other approaches which work across sectors (i.e., shared insights across HiAP, Healthy Cities, One Health, and other approaches). Thus, the goal of this study is to assemble evidence from systematic approaches to reviewing the literature (e.g., scoping review, systematic review) that collate findings on facilitators/enablers of and barriers to implementing various intersectoral and multisectoral approaches to health, to strengthen understanding of how to best implement health policies that work across sectors, whichever they may be. This umbrella review (i.e., review of reviews) was informed by the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews, yielding 10 studies included in this review. Enablers detailed are: (1) systems for liaising and engaged communication; (2) political leadership; (3) shared vision or common goals (win-win strategies); (4) education and access to information; and (5) funding. Barriers detailed were: (1) lack of shared vision across sectors; (2) lack of funding; (3) lack of political leadership; (4) lack of ownership and accountability; and (5) insufficient and unavailable indicators and data. These findings provide a rigorous evidence base for policymakers to inform intersectoral and multisectoral approaches to not only aid in the achievement of goals, such as the Sustainable Development Goals, but to work towards health equity. © 2022 The Authors | Health Equity; Health Policy; Humans; Leadership; One Health; Social Responsibility; health policy; leadership; policy implementation; Sustainable Development Goal; access to information; achievement; article; city; education; funding; health care policy; health equity; human; human experiment; leadership; One Health; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; public policy; sustainable development goal; systematic review; vision; health care policy; health equity; social responsibility | Health governance; Health in All Policies; Health policy; Healthy Cities; Healthy public policy; HiAP; Intersectional policy; Multisectoral policy; One Health |
| Co-creation and priority setting for applied and implementation research in One Health: Improving capacities in public and animal health systems in Kenya | Background: The Kenyan government has successfully been implementing sector specific and multisectoral projects aligned to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). For operational readiness and to enhance the effective planning and implementation of Global Health Security Programs (GHSP) at national and subnational level, there is an urgent need for stakeholders’ engagement process to seek input in identifying challenges, prioritise activities for field implementation, and identify applied research and development questions, that should be addressed in the next five years. Methods: The modified Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) method was used to identify global health security related priorities for multisectoral implementation in Kenya. Subject matter experts from human, animal and environmental health sectors at national and subnational level contributed to predefined research questions from a number of sources and activities for consideration for implementation using a One Health approach. Sixty-two experts scored the 193 questions based on five pre-defined criteria: 1) feasibility and answerability; 2) potential for burden reduction; 3) potential for a paradigm shift; 4) potential for translation and implementation; and 5) impact on equity. Data resulting from this process was then analysed in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to determine the research priorities and experts’ agreements. Results: Among the priority activities identified for implementation research were; strengthening One Health governance and legal frameworks; integration of ecosystem health into One Health programming; strengthening disease reporting, integrated data collection, information sharing and joint outbreak response; socio-anthropological and gender-based approaches in improving risk and behavioural change communication and community engagement; and one health workforce development. In addition, the potentials to invest in collaborative predictive risk modelling to enhance epidemic intelligence systems, while strengthening the One Health approach in the food safety incident and emergency response plans are feasible. Interpretation: Successful multisectoral implementation of global health security program in Kenya calls for a whole of society approach that will harness community and private sector knowledge to build preparedness and response capacities while targeting neglected and marginalised populations. This research provides a framework that is worth emulating for cost-effective planning and implementation of overarching One Health programs. © 2022 | animal health; animal welfare; Article; awareness; cost effectiveness analysis; global health; Kenya; One Health; risk factor | Anthropology; Co-creation; Community; Decision making; Development agenda; Ecosystem health; Empowerment; Gender-based approach; Global health security; Human right; Inclusive training; Indigenous peoples; Integration; Kenya; One health; Participatory research; Prioritization; Public participation; Sustainable environment |
| Identifying high-risk areas for dog-mediated rabies using Bayesian spatial regression | Despite ongoing control efforts, rabies remains an endemic zoonotic disease in many countries. Determining high-risk areas and the space-time patterns of rabies spread, as it relates to epidemiologically important factors, can support policymakers and program managers alike to develop evidence-based targeted surveillance and control programs. In this One Health approach which selected Thailand as the example site, the location-based risk of contracting dog-mediated rabies by both human and animal populations was quantified using a Bayesian spatial regression model. Specifically, a conditional autoregressive (CAR) Bayesian zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression was fitted to the reported human and animal rabies case counts of each district, from the 2012–2017 period. The human population was used as an offset. The epidemiologically important factors hypothesized as risk modifiers and therefore tested as predictors included: number of dog bites/attacks, the population of dogs and cats, number of Buddhist temples, garbage dumps, animal vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis, poverty, and shared administrative borders. Disparate sources of data were used to improve the estimated associations and predictions. Model performance was assessed using cross-validation. Results suggested that accounting for the association between human and animal rabies with number of dog bites/attacks, number of owned and un-owned dogs; shared country borders, number of Buddhist temples, poverty levels, and accounting for spatial dependence between districts, may help to predict the risk districts for dog-mediated rabies in Thailand. The fitted values of the spatial regression were mapped to illustrate the risk of dog-mediated rabies. The cross-validation indicated an adequate performance of the spatial regression model (AUC = 0.81), suggesting that had this spatial regression approach been used to identify districts at risk in 2015, the cases reported in 2016/17 would have been predicted with model sensitivity and specificity of 0.71 and 0.80, respectively. While active surveillance is ideal, this approach of using multiple data sources to improve risk estimation may inform current rabies surveillance and control efforts including determining rabies-free zones, and the roll-out of human post-exposure prophylaxis and anti-rabies vaccines for animals in determining high-risk areas. © 2022 The Authors | Article; Bayesian network; dog bite; human; infection control; infection risk; post exposure prophylaxis; poverty; prediction; rabies; risk factor; sensitivity and specificity; Thailand; trend study; vaccination | Conditional autoregression; Disease mapping; One Health; Risk regionalization; Spatial epidemiology; Stray dogs; Zero-inflated |
| Designing and validating a One Health Research Translation Framework through literature-based case studies in Egypt | Within One Health, research translation is a dynamic process involving collaboration and communication between the human, animal, and environmental health sectors to create and apply research findings to address health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. Research translation is essential for the creation of evidence-based policies and programs for the prevention and control of infectious diseases and other health threats, and thus is an important component of a robust national capacity to effectively prevent, control, and mitigate biological incidents. However, there is a lack of conceptual guidance and training materials for research translation in a One Health context. To address this need, we developed a novel One Health Research Translation Framework that describes an iterative process for research and policy stakeholders to collaborate to design and implement research applications addressing One Health zoonotic disease challenges. In addition, we developed accompanying training materials to validate the Framework and facilitate capacity building for understanding and applying research translation concepts to zoonotic disease threats. The training materials consist of exercises to map One Health communication pathways and literature-based case studies on research translation to address zoonotic disease concerns. The Framework and training materials were piloted with Egyptian One Health stakeholders at a workshop in Cairo in 2018. The outcomes of the workshop validated the comprehensiveness and applicability of the Framework and training materials, as participants were able to demonstrate a firm understanding of research translation processes and successfully apply research translation and One Health concepts to real-world zoonotic disease scenarios. Overall, the Framework and accompanying training materials address an important gap in capacity building for One Health stakeholders and are valuable tools for strengthening research translation networks that promote development of innovative, evidence-based solutions to One Health zoonotic disease threats. © 2022 The Authors | Egypt; Framework; One Health; Research translation; Zoonotic disease |
| Towards a global One Health index: a potential assessment tool for One Health performance | Background: A One Health approach has been increasingly mainstreamed by the international community, as it provides for holistic thinking in recognizing the close links and inter-dependence of the health of humans, animals and the environment. However, the dearth of real-world evidence has hampered application of a One Health approach in shaping policies and practice. This study proposes the development of a potential evaluation tool for One Health performance, in order to contribute to the scientific measurement of One Health approach and the identification of gaps where One Health capacity building is most urgently needed. Methods: We describe five steps towards a global One Health index (GOHI), including (i) framework formulation; (ii) indicator selection; (iii) database building; (iv) weight determination; and (v) GOHI scores calculation. A cell-like framework for GOHI is proposed, which comprises an external drivers index (EDI), an intrinsic drivers index (IDI) and a core drivers index (CDI). We construct the indicator scheme for GOHI based on this framework after multiple rounds of panel discussions with our expert advisory committee. A fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is adopted to determine the weights for each of the indicators. Results: The weighted indicator scheme of GOHI comprises three first-level indicators, 13 second-level indicators, and 57 third-level indicators. According to the pilot analysis based on the data from more than 200 countries/territories the GOHI scores overall are far from ideal (the highest score of 65.0 out of a maximum score of 100), and we found considerable variations among different countries/territories (31.8–65.0). The results from the pilot analysis are consistent with the results from a literature review, which suggests that a GOHI as a potential tool for the assessment of One Health performance might be feasible. Conclusions: GOHI—subject to rigorous validation—would represent the world’s first evaluation tool that constructs the conceptual framework from a holistic perspective of One Health. Future application of GOHI might promote a common understanding of a strong One Health approach and provide reference for promoting effective measures to strengthen One Health capacity building. With further adaptations under various scenarios, GOHI, along with its technical protocols and databases, will be updated regularly to address current technical limitations, and capture new knowledge. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2022, The Author(s). | Forecasting; Global Health; One Health; antibiotic resistance; Article; climate change; data base; data processing; education; female; food security; global health; global One Health index; Health Assessment Questionnaire; human; human experiment; life expectancy; male; normal human; One Health; weight; zoonosis; forecasting; global health | Antimicrobial resistance; Cell-like framework; Climate change; Food security; Global One Health index (GOHI); Global performance assessment; Governance; Zoonotic diseases |
| Global antimicrobial resistance: a system-wide comprehensive investigation using the Global One Health Index | Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top ten global public health challenges. However, given the lack of a comprehensive assessment of worldwide AMR status, our objective is to develop a One Health-based system-wide evaluation tool on global AMR. Methods: We have further developed the three-hierarchical Global One Health Index (GOHI)-AMR indicator scheme, which consists of five key indicators, 17 indicators, and 49 sub-indicators, by incorporating 146 countries’ data from diverse authoritative databases, including WHO’s Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) and the European CDC. We investigated the overall- or sub-rankings of GOHI-AMR at the international/regional/national levels for data preprocessing and score calculation utilizing the existing GOHI methodology. Additionally, a correlation analysis was conducted between the GOHI-AMR and other socioeconomic factors. Results: The average GOHI-AMR score for 146 countries is 38.45. As expected, high-income countries (HICs) outperform the other three income groups on overall rankings and all five key indicators of GOHI-AMR, whereas low-income countries unexpectedly outperform upper-middle-income countries and lower-middle-income countries on the antibiotics-resistant key indicator (ARR) and ARR-subordinate indicators, including carbapenem-, β-lactam-, and quinolone resistance, and even HICs on aminoglycoside resistance. There were no significant differences among the four groups on the environmental-monitoring indicator (P > 0.05). GOHI-AMR was positively correlated with gross domestic product, life expectancy, and AMR-related publications, but negatively with natural growth rate and chronic respiratory disease. In contrast to Cyprus, the remarkably lower prevalence of “ESKAPE pathogens” in high-scoring Sweden and Denmark highlights Europe’s huge gaps. China and Russia outperformed the other three BRICS countries on all key indicators, particularly India’s ARR and Brazil’s AMR laboratory network and coordination capacity. Furthermore, significant internal disparities in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence were observed between China and the USA, with MRSA prevalence both gradually declining, whereas CRKP prevalence has been declining in the USA but increasing in China, consistent with higher carbapenems-related indicator’ performance in USA. Conclusions: GOHI-AMR is the most comprehensive tool currently available for the assessment of AMR status worldwide. We discovered unique features impacting AMR in each country and offered precise recommendations to improve the capacity to tackle AMR in low-ranking countries. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2022, The Author(s). | Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbapenems; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; One Health; aminoglycoside; antibiotic agent; antiinfective agent; beta lactam; carbapenem; carbapenem derivative; quinolone; sulfamethoxazole; antiinfective agent; carbapenem derivative; Acinetobacter baumannii; aminoglycoside resistance; antibiotic resistance; Article; Berg Balance Scale; carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae; correlation analysis; Denmark; Echinococcus granulosus; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; environmental monitoring; Escherichia coli; geographic distribution; gross national product; growth rate; high income country; household income; human; income group; India; infectious agent; Klebsiella pneumoniae; life expectancy; low income country; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; middle income country; molecular epidemiology; nonhuman; One Health; population density; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; public health; respiratory tract disease; Russian Federation; socioeconomics; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; antibiotic resistance; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus | Antimicrobial resistance surveillance networks; Global antimicrobial resistance; Global One Health Index |
| Establishment of an indicator framework for global One Health Intrinsic Drivers index based on the grounded theory and fuzzy analytical hierarchy-entropy weight method | Background: One Health has become a global consensus to deal with complex health problems. However, the progress of One Health implementation in many countries is still relatively slow, and there is a lack of systematic evaluation index. The purpose of this study was to establish an indicator framework for global One Health Intrinsic Drivers index (GOH-IDI) to evaluate human, animal and environmental health development process globally. Method: First, 82 studies were deeply analyzed by a grounded theory (GT) method, including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, to establish a three-level indicator framework, which was composed of three selective codes, 19 axial codes, and 79 open codes. Then, through semi-structured interviews with 28 health-related experts, the indicators were further integrated and simplified according to the inclusion criteria of the indicators. Finally, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process combined with the entropy weight method was used to assign weights to the indicators, thus, forming the evaluation indicator framework of human, animal and environmental health development process. Results: An indicator framework for GOH-IDI was formed consisting of three selective codes, 15 axial codes and 61 open codes. There were six axial codes for “Human Health”, of which “Infectious Diseases” had the highest weight (19.76%) and “Injuries and Violence” had the lowest weight (11.72%). There were four axial codes for “Animal Health”, of which “Animal Epidemic Disease” had the highest weight (39.28%) and “Animal Nutritional Status” had the lowest weight (11.59%). Five axial codes were set under “Environmental Health”, among which, “Air Quality and Climate Change” had the highest weight (22.63%) and “Hazardous Chemicals” had the lowest weight (17.82%). Conclusions: An indicator framework for GOH-IDI was established in this study. The framework were universal, balanced, and scientific, which hopefully to be a tool for evaluation of the joint development of human, animal and environmental health in different regions globally. © 2022, The Author(s). | Grounded Theory; Humans; One Health; adult; air quality; analytic hierarchy process; animal health; animal welfare; Article; climate change; communicable disease; decision making; entropy; environmental health; epidemic; female; grounded theory; human; injury; interview; male; nutritional status; One Health; psychology; qualitative research; questionnaire; reliability; semi structured interview; veterinary medicine; violence; grounded theory; One Health | Entropy weight method; Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process; Global One Health; Grounded theory; Indicator; Intrinsic drivers index |
| The Joint Initiative for Teaching and Learning on Global Health Challenges and One Health experience on implementing an online collaborative course | The “Joint Initiative for Teaching and Learning on Global Health Challenges and One Health” piloted the online course “Global Health Challenges and One Health in 2021. The present work documents this experience, lessons learned, and the future outlook of the course. A descriptive study was conducted based on the evaluations performed with the enrolled students and course coordinators. Of 30 enrolled students from graduate programs of six institutions from Brazil, Germany, Mozambique, and Kosovo, two unenrolled, and nine failed for not completing the activities. Therefore, 19 (63%) students completed the course. Some challenges identified were language and technology access barriers, difficulty scheduling group meetings due to different time zones, and high workload per credit in some institutions. Activities in groups conducted synchronously, such as debates, journal clubs, and case studies, were highlighted as those with higher impact in the learning process, having more participation of students when carried in small groups. Some students reported the establishment of research and work partnerships with other participants from partner institutions. The experience reinforces the importance of international exchange to improve collaboration between institutions and the impact of working in small interprofessional groups to develop technical, intercultural, and interdisciplinarity competencies necessary to human resources working with the One Health approach. The success of such international educational initiatives depends on overcoming barriers to implementation, which can be detected in institutional and course levels. Therefore, continuing evaluation of the course and improvements must be performed and involve all participants. © 2022 The Authors | adult; article; Brazil; capacity building; clinical article; distance learning; female; Germany; global health; human; human experiment; interprofessional education; Kosovo; language; learning; male; Mozambique; One Health; teaching; tertiary education; workload | Capacity building; Distance learning; Higher education; Interprofessional education; One health |
| Perspectives of digital agriculture in diverse types of livestock supply chain systems. Making sense of uses and benefits | Digital technology is being introduced to global agriculture in a wide variety of forms that are collectively known as digital agriculture. In this paper we provide opportunities and value propositions of how this is occurring in livestock production systems, with a consistent emphasis on technology relating to animal health, animal welfare, and product quality for value creation. This is achieved by organizing individual accounts of digital agriculture in livestock systems according to four broad types—commodity-based; value seeking; subsistence and nature-based. Each type presents contrasting modes of value creation in downstream processing; as well as from the perspective of One Health. The ideal result of digital technology adoption is an equitable and substantial diversification of supply chains, increased monetization of animal product quality, and more sensitive management to meet customer demands and environmental threats. Such changes have a significance beyond the immediate value generated because they indicate endogenous growth in livestock systems, and may concern externalities imposed by the pursuit of purely commercial ends. Copyright © 2022 Baker, Jackson and Cook. | adoption; agriculture; animal health; animal product; animal welfare; article; digital technology; downstream processing; externality; livestock; nonhuman; One Health; product quality; sustenance | adoption; digital agriculture; livestock systems; product quality; supply chain |
| Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology, genetic diversity, and clinical characteristics in an urban region | Objectives: While Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA), defined as CC398, is a well-known pathogen among those working with livestock, there are indications that LA-MRSA prevalence among the general population is increasing. However, the clinical impact in urban areas remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic epidemiology and clinical characteristics of LA-MRSA in an urban area with a limited livestock population. Methods: In this retrospective study, we evaluated LA-MRSA strains that were collected between 2014 and 2018 from patients who received clinical care in a single urban area in Netherlands. Patient files were assessed for livestock exposure data, clinical findings, and contact tracing information. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis in combination with wgMLST was conducted to assess genetic diversity and relatedness and to detect virulence and resistance genes. Results: LA-MRSA strains were cultured from 81 patients, comprising 12% of all the MRSA strains found in seven study laboratories between 2014 and 2018. No livestock link was found in 76% of patients (n = 61), and 28% of patients (n = 23) had an infection, mostly of the skin or soft tissue. Contact tracing had been initiated in 14 cases, leading to the identification of two hospital transmissions: a cluster of 9 cases and one of 2 cases. NGS data were available for 91% (n = 75) of the patients. wgMLST confirmed the clusters detected via contact tracing (n = 2) and identified 5 additional clusters without a known epidemiological link. Relevant resistance and virulence findings included the PVL virulence gene (3 isolates) and tetracycline resistance (79 isolates). Conclusion: LA-MRSA may cause a relevant burden of disease in urban areas. Surprisingly, most infections in the present study occurred in the absence of a livestock link, suggesting inter-human transmission. These findings and the presence of PVL and other immune evasive complex virulence genes warrant future surveillance and preventative measures. Copyright © 2022 Konstantinovski, Schouls, Witteveen, Claas, Kraakman, Kalpoe, Mattson, Hetem, van Elzakker, Kerremans, Hira, Bosch and Gooskens. | Panton Valentine leukocidin; virulence factor; adult; aged; Article; bacterial strain; bacterium isolate; clinical feature; disease surveillance; female; genetic variability; high throughput sequencing; human; livestock; male; medical record; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection; molecular epidemiology; real time polymerase chain reaction; retrospective study; risk factor; skin; soft tissue; Staphylococcus aureus; tetracycline resistance; urban area; whole genome sequencing | antimicrobial surveillance; cgMLST clustering; LA-MRSA CC398; MRSA; one-health; Staphylococcal infection/epidemiology; Staphylococcus aureus; whole-genome sequencing |
| Genomic epidemiology of Escherichia coli: antimicrobial resistance through a One Health lens in sympatric humans, livestock and peri-domestic wildlife in Nairobi, Kenya | Background: Livestock systems have been proposed as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria and AMR genetic determinants that may infect or colonise humans, yet quantitative evidence regarding their epidemiological role remains lacking. Here, we used a combination of genomics, epidemiology and ecology to investigate patterns of AMR gene carriage in Escherichia coli, regarded as a sentinel organism. Methods: We conducted a structured epidemiological survey of 99 households across Nairobi, Kenya, and whole genome sequenced E. coli isolates from 311 human, 606 livestock and 399 wildlife faecal samples. We used statistical models to investigate the prevalence of AMR carriage and characterise AMR gene diversity and structure of AMR genes in different host populations across the city. We also investigated household-level risk factors for the exchange of AMR genes between sympatric humans and livestock. Results: We detected 56 unique acquired genes along with 13 point mutations present in variable proportions in human and animal isolates, known to confer resistance to nine antibiotic classes. We find that AMR gene community composition is not associated with host species, but AMR genes were frequently co-located, potentially enabling the acquisition and dispersal of multi-drug resistance in a single step. We find that whilst keeping livestock had no influence on human AMR gene carriage, the potential for AMR transmission across human-livestock interfaces is greatest when manure is poorly disposed of and in larger households. Conclusions: Findings of widespread carriage of AMR bacteria in human and animal populations, including in long-distance wildlife species, in community settings highlight the value of evidence-based surveillance to address antimicrobial resistance on a global scale. Our genomic analysis provided an in-depth understanding of AMR determinants at the interfaces of One Health sectors that will inform AMR prevention and control. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Humans; Kenya; Livestock; One Health; aminoglycoside antibiotic agent; antiinfective agent; beta lactam antibiotic; chloramphenicol; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; sulfonamide; tetracycline derivative; trimethoprim; antiinfective agent; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial genetics; bacterial transmission; bacterium isolate; community structure; cross-sectional study; Escherichia coli; evidence based practice; feces analysis; genetic epidemiology; genetic variability; household; human; Kenya; livestock; multidrug resistance; nonhuman; One Health; pharmacovigilance; point mutation; risk factor; whole genome sequencing; wildlife; animal; antibiotic resistance; epidemiology; genetics; livestock; One Health | AMR; Antimicrobial resistance; Escherichia coli; Genomics; One Health |
| Influence of occupational exposure to pigs or chickens on human gut microbiota composition in Thailand | Pig farming’s influence on human gut microbiota has been observed previously, but its pervasiveness is unclear. We therefore aimed at studying whether pig farming influenced human gut microbiota composition in Thailand and whether poultry farming did too. We collected human stool samples (71 pig farmers, 131 chicken farmers, 55 non-farmers) for 16S rRNA sequencing and performed subsequent DADA2 analyses of amplicon sequence variants. We found that Alpha diversity values were highest among chicken farmers. Relative abundances of Prevotellaceae were significantly higher among pig farmers than among chicken farmers and non-farmers (p < 0.001). Beta diversity plots revealed different clustering according to occupation. The presence or absence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli was not associated with changes in gut microbiota composition. In conclusion, occupation was the strongest factor influencing gut microbiota composition in Thailand. We hypothesize that Prevotellaceae amplicon sequence variants are transmitted from pigs to pig farmers. © 2022 The Authors | RNA 16S; allergy; amplicon; antibiotic resistance; Article; controlled study; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Gallus gallus; gastrointestinal disease; human; illumina sequencing; intestine flora; microbial community; microbial diversity; occupation; occupational exposure; pig; pig farming; polymerase chain reaction; Prevotellaceae; questionnaire; Ruminococcaceae; Shannon index | Allergy; Antimicrobial resistance; Microbial communities; One health; Pig farming; Prevotellaceae |
| An institutional Lens on the History of One Health | [No abstract available] | One Health; One Health |
| A generalizable one health framework for the control of zoonotic diseases | Effectively preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases requires a One Health approach that involves collaboration across sectors responsible for human health, animal health (both domestic and wildlife), and the environment, as well as other partners. Here we describe the Generalizable One Health Framework (GOHF), a five-step framework that provides structure for using a One Health approach in zoonotic disease programs being implemented at the local, sub-national, national, regional, or international level. Part of the framework is a toolkit that compiles existing resources and presents them following a stepwise schematic, allowing users to identify relevant resources as they are required. Coupled with recommendations for implementing a One Health approach for zoonotic disease prevention and control in technical domains including laboratory, surveillance, preparedness and response, this framework can mobilize One Health and thereby enhance and guide capacity building to combat zoonotic disease threats at the human–animal–environment interface. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Animals, Wild; Capacity Building; Laboratories; One Health; Zoonoses; animal; capacity building; laboratory; One Health; wild animal; zoonosis |
| Innovative swine blood hydrolysates as promising ingredients for European seabass diets: Impact on growth performance and resistance to Tenacibaculum maritimum infection | Hydrolysates from high-protein coproducts are rich in bioactive peptides (small amino acid chains with properties beyond their nutritional value). When included in aquafeeds, they may promote fish robustness while increasing animal blood value and minimizing waste, contributing to a circular economy. This work assessed how innovatively produced blood hydrolysates (BH) included in plant-based diets for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) affected growth performance and resistance to Tenacibaculum maritimum infection. Three fractions of swine BH obtained by autohydrolysis (AH) or enzymatically were selected. AH fraction was oven-dried, whilst the enzymatically obtained BH were further submitted to a micro (RMF) and nanofiltration (RNF) and the respective retentates freeze-dried. A commercially based diet was formulated, where 50% of fishmeal was replaced by vegetable proteins, and used as negative control (NC). Each BH fraction was then added at 3% to the NC and further compared to a fishmeal-based diet (positive control, PC); all diets remained isolipidic and isoproteic. Diets were assigned to triplicate groups of European seabass juveniles (12.3 ± 1.4 g) and fed three times daily until apparent satiation in a recirculating saltwater system. After a 12-week growth trial, fish were bath challenged with T. maritimum and cumulative mortality followed for 8 days. A digestibility trial was also performed in parallel. Hydrolysates-containing diets had a significantly lower apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter compared to the PC, but RNF did not differ from the NC. RMF and AH had lower lipid ADCs than both controls, while the RNF only differed from the PC. Mineral ADCs of PC, NC and RNF were similar. Calcium ADC in RMF and AH was significantly lower than all other diets; RMF also displayed lower copper and potassium ADCs. Fish fed PC had the highest final weight, followed by NC and RNF. Daily growth index and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of RNF was similar to both controls. RMF induced the lowest final weight, highest FCR and reduced villus length in anterior intestine. This diet has also resulted in increased plasmatic peroxidase, but lower lysozyme, compared to all other treatments, showing the lowest disease resistance. Results clearly show that the RNF was the only test diet that significantly reduced European seabass mortality after T. maritimum infection, without affecting fish growth in relation to a practical plant-protein based diet, highlighting its high potential for aquafeeds supplementation. © 2022 | diet; growth; innovation | Bioactive peptides; Circular economy; Fish robustness; Functional ingredients; One health |
| Religion, Animals, and the Theological Anthropology of Microbes in the Pandemicene | Microbiology’s ecological turn, as it shifts its gaze from the individual microbe to the entanglement and ubiquity of microbial life, is transforming conceptions of human nature and disease in the sciences and humanities. Both the fields of Christian theological anthropology and medical anthropology are tuning in to these microbiological shifts for their reformative possibilities. Meanwhile, practical resistance to these shifts in recent pandemic responses suggest that forces greater than just the “pure science” of microbiology are informing attachments to hyper-modern or Pasteurian epidemiologies and radically independent, buffered views of the self. This essay explores the roots of such resistance. It investigates the interplay of shifts in theological anthropology and disease theories. Cultural anthropology and critical studies offer accounts of epidemiology’s fraught relationship to a history of colonialism, racialization, and vilification of pathogens and pathogenicized humans. This essay adds a theological analysis of the historical entanglement of perspectives on disease and Christian doctrine, which bears on the present pandemic response. It illuminates the ways some Christians “benefit” from germ theory’s influence. Germ theory interrupts key Christian doctrine (especially theodicy) that makes Christian theology resistant to relational accounts of being human. Germ theory’s theological reshaping of Christian teaching may also encourage the current resistance to more relational pandemic responses known as One Health strategies. While reformative and more realistic possibilities of emergent and entangled multispecies accounts of humanity’s microbiality are ample and apt, they must account for the ways in which microbiology has never been epidemiological without also being colonial and theological. In other words, this essay explores the smallest and most reviled “animals” in relationship to Christian conceptions of sin, contagion, and evil as groundwork for engaging humanity’s micro-animality and diseases’ relational aspects. To conclude, I offer four modest suggestions. © 2022 by the author. | animality; Christian theology; colonial; COVID-19; disease; epidemiology; germ theory; human nature; microbes; microbial turn; microbiome emerging infectious disease; microbiopolitics; one health; Pandemicine; Pasteur; relational turn; religion; theodicy; theological anthropology; zoonosis |
| Seroprevalence of human brucellosis in selected sites of Central Oromia, Ethiopia | Brucellosis is one of the most neglected zoonotic diseases in the world. It affects all age groups and both sexes. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to May 2020 to estimate the seroprevalence and assess the potential risk factors of brucellosis among dairy cow owners and dairy farmworkers, and assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices in selected sites in the central highlands of Oromia, Ethiopia. A structured interview question was administered to 284 respondents, and only 166 of them volunteered to give a blood sample. Most respondents had limited knowledge of brucellosis (93.3%), zoonotic diseases transmitted by handling animal delivery (88%), and consuming raw milk and other animal products (90.0%). Accordingly, 149 blood samples from animal owners and 17 farmworkers were collected for serological testing. The serum samples collected were initially screened using the Rose Bengal Plate test, and the Complement Fixation test was used as a confirmatory test. The overall seroprevalence of zoonotic brucellosis was 1.2% (95%CI: 0.32–4.27). There was a statistically significant association of human brucellosis with human housing (OR = 1.8, p = 0.002), contact with aborted fetus (OR = 21.19, p = 0.017), drinking raw milk from non-aborted (OR = 24.99, p = 0.012), aborted (OR = 5.72, 0.019), and retained fetal membrane (OR = 4.22, p = 0.029) cows. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the seroprevalence of brucellosis in the study area was low. Public awareness among animal owners, farm and animal health workers on the transmission and health hazards of brucellosis needs to be addressed through community training. Implementing one health approach between veterinary and medical health professionals must be strengthened. © 2022 Public Library of Science. All rights reserved. | Animals; Brucellosis; Cattle; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Zoonoses; rose bengal; adult; agricultural worker; Article; attitude to health; blood sampling; brucellosis; Central Oromia; complement fixation test; controlled study; cross-sectional study; dairy cattle; dairy product; disease transmission; Ethiopia; female; fetus death; fetus membrane; geographic distribution; health hazard; human; infection risk; major clinical study; male; odds ratio; One Health; raw milk; risk factor; Rose Bengal Plate test; serodiagnosis; serology; seroprevalence; statistical significance; structured interview; zoonosis; animal; bovine; brucellosis; Ethiopia; questionnaire; seroepidemiology; veterinary medicine; zoonosis |
| Behavioral–biological surveillance of emerging infectious diseases among a dynamic cohort in Thailand | Background: Interactions between humans and animals are the key elements of zoonotic spillover leading to zoonotic disease emergence. Research to understand the high-risk behaviors associated with disease transmission at the human-animal interface is limited, and few consider regional and local contexts. Objective: This study employed an integrated behavioral–biological surveillance approach for the early detection of novel and known zoonotic viruses in potentially high-risk populations, in an effort to identify risk factors for spillover and to determine potential foci for risk-mitigation measures. Method: Participants were enrolled at two community-based sites (n = 472) in eastern and western Thailand and two hospital (clinical) sites (n = 206) in northeastern and central Thailand. A behavioral questionnaire was administered to understand participants’ demographics, living conditions, health history, and animal-contact behaviors and attitudes. Biological specimens were tested for coronaviruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, influenza viruses, and paramyxoviruses using pan (consensus) RNA Virus assays. Results: Overall 61/678 (9%) of participants tested positive for the viral families screened which included influenza viruses (75%), paramyxoviruses (15%), human coronaviruses (3%), flaviviruses (3%), and enteroviruses (3%). The most salient predictors of reporting unusual symptoms (i.e., any illness or sickness that is not known or recognized in the community or diagnosed by medical providers) in the past year were having other household members who had unusual symptoms and being scratched or bitten by animals in the same year. Many participants reported raising and handling poultry (10.3% and 24.2%), swine (2%, 14.6%), and cattle (4.9%, 7.8%) and several participants also reported eating raw or undercooked meat of these animals (2.2%, 5.5%, 10.3% respectively). Twenty four participants (3.5%) reported handling bats or having bats in the house roof. Gender, age, and livelihood activities were shown to be significantly associated with participants’ interactions with animals. Participants’ knowledge of risks influenced their health-seeking behavior. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a high level of interaction between humans, livestock, and wild animals in communities at sites we investigated in Thailand. This study highlights important differences among demographic and occupational risk factors as they relate to animal contact and zoonotic disease risk, which can be used by policymakers and local public health programs to build more effective surveillance strategies and behavior-focused interventions. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Animals, Wild; Cattle; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Humans; Poultry; Swine; Thailand; Zoonoses; adolescent; adult; age; aged; Article; attitude to health; bat; behavioral research; biological monitoring; bovine; child; cohort analysis; communicable disease; Coronaviridae; Coronavirinae; disease transmission; early diagnosis; Enterovirus; female; Filovirus; Flavivirus; gender; high risk behavior; high risk population; household; human; human-animal interaction; infection risk; Influenza virus; laboratory diagnosis; livestock; livestock market; male; meat; medical history; middle aged; nonhuman; occupation; occupational hazard; One Health; Paramyxoviridae; pig; poultry; questionnaire; raw food; risk assessment; risk factor; risk perception; RNA virus; scratching; self report; symptom; Thailand; virus examination; wild animal; young adult; zoonosis; animal; communicable disease; zoonosis | Behavioral surveillance; Coronavirus; Enterovirus; Flavivirus; Human–animal interaction; Influenza; Paramyxovirus; Risk perception; Surveillance; Zoonotic risk |
| The role of pharmaceutical industry in building resilient health system | Objectives: This study explores the interrelationship among the current sustainability agenda of the pharmaceutical industry, based on the United Nation sustainable development goals (SDGs), the elements of the Joint External Evaluation (JEE) tool, and the triad components of the One Health approach. Methods: A cross-walk exercise was conducted to identify commonalities among SDGs, JEE assessment tool, and One Health approach. An in-depth study of 10 global pharmaceutical firms’ corporate sustainability reports and COVID-19 response plan for 2019–2020 was also conducted. Results: The result of the exercise showed the existence of a direct and indirect relationship among the SDGs, elements of JEE assessment tool, and One Health approach. For example, both no poverty (SDG 1) and zero hunger (SDG 2) are linked with food safety targets under the JEE and with human and animal health under the One Health approach. Conclusion: This study adds a new dimension emphasizing the possibility of tailoring the pharmaceutical industry’s activities under the sustainability agenda to strengthen global health security while remaining consistent with the One Health approach. Copyright © 2022 Saxena, Balani and Srivastava. | COVID-19; Drug Industry; Global Health; Humans; Poverty; Sustainable Development; drug industry; epidemiology; global health; human; poverty; prevention and control; sustainable development | health security; joint external evaluation (JEE); one health; pandemic; pharmaceutical; sustainable development goals |
| Towards an integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases in Burkina Faso: the case of anthrax | Background: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease that causes frequent outbreaks in livestock and fatal human cases in Burkina Faso. Effective surveillance of this disease calls for the establishment of an integrated surveillance system, in line with the One Health concept. However, despite a strong technical and financial support from international partners, surveillance is still poorly conducted within an integrated approach. Based on stakeholder perspectives, the study has for objective to deepen our understanding of the anthrax surveillance system and to identify the obstacles and levers towards a more integrated approach to anthrax surveillance in Burkina Faso. Methods: The data was collected from a literature review and interviews with surveillance stakeholders. We first conducted a qualitative descriptive analysis of the data to characterize the surveillance system (programmes, actors, collaboration). In a second step, we conducted a thematic analysis of the informants’ discourse in order to identify what represents an obstacle or, conversely, a lever for a more integrated approach to anthrax surveillance. Results: The surveillance system of anthrax in Burkina Faso includes three programmes (in the livestock, wildlife and human sectors), which involves 30 actors. These sectoral programmes operate almost independently from one another, although some collaborations are existing for the governance and implementation of surveillance activities. Analysis of the discourse of key stakeholders led to the identification of four categories of factors that may influence the implementation of an integrated surveillance system in the country: knowledge; technical, organizational and social capacities; motivation; intersectoral governance. Conclusions: This study highlights the difficulty of translating One Health governance to the national level and the need to better articulate the visions of all categories of stakeholders. This study also reveals the need to develop specific evaluation systems for integrated policies in order to provide credible evidence of their added value for a better management of zoonotic diseases. Finally, our study underlines the need to act upstream the emergence of zoonoses and allocate more resources to the prevention of zoonoses than to their control. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Anthrax; Burkina Faso; Humans; Livestock; One Health; Zoonoses; animal; anthrax; Burkina Faso; human; livestock; One Health; zoonosis | Anthrax; Governance; Integrated; One Health; Surveillance; Zoonoses |
| Comparison of environmental microbiomes in an antibiotic resistance-polluted urban river highlights periphyton and fish gut communities as reservoirs of concern | Natural waterways near urban areas are heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities, including their microbial communities. A contaminant of growing public health concern in rivers is antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), which can spread between neighboring bacteria and increase the potential for transmission of AR bacteria to animals and humans. To identify the matrices of most concern for AR, we compared ARG burdens and microbial community structures between sample types from the Scioto River Watershed, Ohio, the United States, from 2017 to 2018. Five environmental matrices (water, sediment, periphyton, detritus, and fish gut) were collected from 26 river sites. Due to our focus on clinically relevant ARGs, three carbapenem resistance genes (blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA-48) were quantified via DropletDigital™ PCR. At a subset of nine urbanized sites, we conducted16S rRNA gene sequencing and functional gene predictions. Carbapenem resistance genes were quantified from all matrices, with blaKPC being the most detected (88 % of samples), followed by blaNDM (64 %) and blaOXA-48 (23 %). Fish gut samples showed higher concentrations of blaKPC and blaNDM than any other matrix, indicating potential ARG bioaccumulation, and risk of broader dissemination through aquatic and nearshore food webs. Periphyton had higher concentrations of blaNDM than water, sediment, or detritus. Microbial community analysis identified differences by sample type in community diversity and structure. Sediment samples had the most diverse microbial communities, and detritus, the least. Spearman correlations did not reveal significant relationships between the concentrations of the monitored ARGs and microbial community diversity. However, several differentially abundant taxa and microbial functions were identified by sample type that is definitive of these matrices’ roles in the river ecosystem and habitat type. In summary, the fish gut and periphyton are a concern as AR reservoirs due to their relatively high concentration of carbapenem resistance genes, diverse microbial communities, and natural functions that promote AR. © 2022 Elsevier B.V. | Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbapenems; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fishes; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Microbiota; Periphyton; Water; Antibiotics; Bacteria; Biochemistry; Ecosystems; Genes; Reservoirs (water); River pollution; Rivers; RNA; Sediments; carbapenemase; antiinfective agent; carbapenem derivative; water; Antibiotic-resistant genes; Carbapenem resistance; Carbapenems; Fish gut microbiome; matrix; Microbial communities; Microbiome; One health; Periphytons; River ecosystem; animal tissue; antibiotic resistance; Article; bioaccumulation; blaKPC gene; blaNDM gene; blaOXA 48 gene; carbapenem resistance; community structure; droplet digital polymerase chain reaction; fish; food web; gene; intestine flora; microbial diversity; microbiome; nonhuman; Ohio; periphyton; river ecosystem; seasonal variation; sediment; urban area; watershed; animal; antibiotic resistance; bacterial gene; fish; genetics; human; microflora; Fish | Carbapenem resistance; Fish gut microbiome; One Health; Periphyton; River ecosystem; Sediment |
| Worldwide impact of lifestyle predictors of dementia prevalence: An eXplainable Artificial Intelligence analysis | Introduction: Dementia is an umbrella term indicating a group of diseases that affect the cognitive sphere. Dementia is not a mere individual health issue, since its interference with the ability to carry out daily activities entails a series of collateral problems, comprising exclusion of patients from civil rights and welfare, unpaid caregiving work, mostly performed by women, and an additional burden on the public healthcare systems. Thus, gender and wealth inequalities (both among individuals and among countries) tend to amplify the social impact of such a disease. Since at present there is no cure for dementia but only drug treatments to slow down its progress and mitigate the symptoms, it is essential to work on prevention and early diagnosis, identifying the risk factors that increase the probability of its onset. The complex and multifactorial etiology of dementia, resulting from an interplay between genetics and environmental factors, can benefit from a multidisciplinary approach that follows the “One Health” guidelines of the World Health Organization. Methods: In this work, we apply methods of Artificial Intelligence and complex systems physics to investigate the possibility to predict dementia prevalence throughout world countries from a set of variables concerning individual health, food consumption, substance use and abuse, healthcare system efficiency. The analysis uses publicly available indicator values at a country level, referred to a time window of 26 years. Results: Employing methods based on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and complex networks, we identify a group of lifestyle factors, mostly concerning nutrition, that contribute the most to dementia incidence prediction. Discussion: The proposed approach provides a methodological basis to develop quantitative tools for action patterns against such a disease, which involves issues deeply related with sustainable, such as good health and resposible food consumption. Copyright © 2022 Bellantuono, Monaco, Amoroso, Lacalamita, Pantaleo, Tangaro and Bellotti. | AI for social good; complex systems; computational social science; data science for social good; dementia; eXplainable Artificial Intelligence; One Health; sustainable development goals |
| Employment status of AFROHUN-Uganda one health alumni, and facilitators and barriers to application of the one health approach: a tracer study | Background: The One Health (OH) approach integrates multiple competencies in the prevention and control of disease outbreaks. Through a range of OH competence-based activities, the Africa One Health University Network (AFROHUN) built the capacity of selected students at Makerere University and Mbarara University of Science and Technology. This study applied the Systems Theoretical Framework (STF) of career development to establish the employment status of AFROHUN-Uganda alumni, and the facilitators and barriers to application of the OH approach in their organisations. Methods: We conducted an embedded mixed-methods study among a random sample of 182 AFROHUN-Uganda alumni of the 2013–2018 cohorts. For quantitative data, descriptive statistics were computed using Stata 14.0 statistical software. A total of 12 in-depth interviews were conducted, and NVivo 12 Pro was used to organise data during thematic analysis. Results: While the majority, 87.4% were or got employed after participating in the AFROHUN Uganda capacity building programme, 68.1% were employed at the time of the survey, 57.7% had worked with their current employer for at least a year, and 39% held managerial positions. The facilitators of applying the OH approach into employing organisations included being knowledgeable about OH, the presence of a multidisciplinary workforce, the nature of activities implemented, and existing partnerships and collaborations between organisations. The barriers to the application of the OH approach included limited funding, a negative attitude towards working with people from other disciplines, and limited knowledge of the One Health approach. Conclusion: Notably, more than two-thirds of the OH alumni were employed, and more than a third held managerial position. While these findings portray a fairly good absorption rate of the OH alumni into the workforce, they also highlight the facilitators of application of the OH approach that need to be promoted as well as the barriers that need to be addressed if the application of the OH approach is to be improved within the workforce. © 2022, The Author(s). | Capacity Building; Employment; Humans; One Health; Uganda; Universities; capacity building; employment; human; One Health; Uganda; university | Career development; Employment status; Global health; One health; Tracer study |
| Self-injecting non-prescribed substances into vascular access devices: a case study of one health system’s ongoing journey from clinical concern to practice and policy response | Background: Overdose-associated deaths and morbidity related to substance use is a global public health emergency with devastating social and economic costs. Complications of substance use are most pronounced among people who inject drugs (PWID), particularly infections, resulting in increased risk of hospitalization. PWID often require intravenous access for medical treatments such as antibiotics; however, vascular access may be limited due to the impacts of long-term self-venipuncture. While vascular access devices including peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) allow reliable and sustained routes of administration for indicated therapies, the use of PICCs among PWID presents unique challenges. The incidence and risks associated with self-injecting non-prescribed substances into vascular access devices (SIVAD) is one such concern for which there is limited evidence and absence of formal practice guidance. Case presentation: We report the experience of a multidisciplinary team at a health organization in Vancouver, Canada, working to characterize the incidence, patient and healthcare provider perspectives, and overall impact of SIVAD. The case study of SIVAD begins with a patient’s perspective, including patient rationale for SIVAD, understanding of risks and the varying responses given by healthcare providers following disclosure of SIVAD. Using the limited literature available on the subject, we summarize the intersection of SIVAD and substance use and outline known and anticipated health risks. The case study is further contextualized by experience from a Vancouver in-hospital Overdose Prevention Site (OPS), where 37% of all individual visits involve SIVAD. The case study concludes by describing the systematic process by which local clinical guidance for SIVAD harm reduction was developed with stakeholder engagement, medical ethics consultation, expert consensus guideline development and implementation with staff education and planned research evaluation. Conclusion: SIVAD is encountered with enough frequency in an urban healthcare setting in Vancouver, Canada, to warrant an organizational approach. This case study aims to enhance appreciation of SIVAD as a common and complex clinical issue with anticipated health risks. The authors conclude that using a harm reduction lens for SIVAD policy and research can provide benefit to clinicians and patients by offering a clear and a consistent healthcare response to this common issue. © 2022, The Author(s). | Drug Overdose; Harm Reduction; Humans; One Health; Policy; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; non prescription drug; Article; Canada; case study; clinical evaluation; clinical practice; consensus development; consultation; harm reduction; health care; health care planning; health care policy; health care system; health hazard; health personnel attitude; human; incidence; injection drug user; interpersonal communication; medical ethics; medical research; multidisciplinary team; patient attitude; self injection; staff training; stakeholder engagement; substance abuse; substance use; case report; complication; drug overdose; One Health; policy; substance abuse | Harm reduction; Healthcare policy; Intravenous substance abuse; Medical ethics; Substance use; Vascular access devices |
| A systematic literature review on the economic impact of endemic disease in UK sheep and cattle using a One Health conceptualisation | Endemic sheep and cattle diseases represent a constant strain and impact to animal health and welfare, the environment, public health, and the economy. Quantifying this impact helps to inform decisions on surveillance and control of livestock diseases. This systematic literature review had two objectives; to describe the economic impact of endemic sheep and cattle diseases in the United Kingdom using a broad conceptualisation of impact, and to investigate what variables (e.g. medication costs, loss of production) and methods are included in these calculations. The Prisma protocol for systematic literature reviews was followed. Searches were performed in Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science using selected and trialled search terms. A total of 1129 papers were identified and screened for relevancy; 38 papers were selected for full review extracting and analysing data on disease, impact and methods. From this final selection of papers it was found that; 1) research in this area is mainly focused on the dairy sub-sector, 2) the most mentioned diseases were mastitis and lameness in dairy cattle; bovine viral diarrhoea in beef cattle; and ectoparasites in sheep with reported animal-level costs of £ 77-£ 548/cow/year, £ 26-£ 185/bovine animal/year and £ 40-£ 47/ewe/year, respectively, 3) numerous methods and variables were used to calculate or estimate the economic impact with most studies focussing on the direct producer impacts and less on the wider implications and affected stakeholders; and 4) it was common for studies to look at one disease in isolation rather than consider disease impact on the farm as a whole. It is recommended that future economic impact calculations on livestock disease include wider implications to estimate the true cost of disease. To generate the necessary data, a wider, more inclusive conceptualisation of impact will be needed to support the collection of data and facilitate communication between stakeholders. Systematic health data recording combined with assessment calculations and metrics that allow comparability within or across livestock sub-sectors will increase the informative value of these impact calculations. © 2022 The Authors | Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Concept Formation; Endemic Diseases; Female; Livestock; One Health; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Article; beef cattle; bovine viral diarrhea; ectoparasite; endemic disease; interrater reliability; livestock; nonhuman; One Health; risk assessment; sheep; systematic review; animal; bovine; cattle disease; concept formation; endemic disease; female; sheep disease; veterinary medicine | Cattle; Economic impact; Endemic diseases; Livestock; Sheep; Systematic review |
| Clostridioides difficile as a Potential Pathogen of Importance to One Health: A Review | Clostridioides difficile (basonym Clostridium) is a bacterial enteropathogen associated with cases of C. difficile infection that can result in pseudomembranous colitis, rapid fluid loss, and death. For decades following its isolation, C. difficile was thought to be a solely nosocomial pathogen, being isolated from individuals undergoing antimicrobial therapy and largely affecting elderly populations. More recently, C. difficile spores have been identified in the broader environment, including in food-producing animals, soil, and food matrices, in both ready-to-eat foods and meat products. Furthermore, evidence has emerged of hypervirulent ribotypes (RTs), such as RT078, similar to those cultured in asymptomatic carriers, also being identified in these environments. This finding may reflect on adaptations arising in these bacteria following selection pressures encountered in these niches, and which occurs due to an increase in antimicrobial usage in both clinical and veterinary settings. As C. difficile continues to adapt to new ecological niches, the taxonomy of this genus has also been evolving. To help understand the transmission and virulence potential of these bacteria of importance to veterinary public health, strategies applying multi-omics-based technologies may prove useful. These approaches may extend our current understanding of this recognized nosocomial pathogen, perhaps redefining it as a zoonotic bacterium. In this review, a brief background on the epidemiological presentation of C. difficile will be highlighted, followed by a review of C. difficile in food-producing animals and food products. The current state of C. difficile taxonomy will provide evidence of Clade 5 (ST11/RT078) delineation, as well as background on the genomic elements linked to C. difficile virulence and ongoing speciation. Recent studies applying second- and third-generation sequencing technologies will be highlighted, and which will further strengthen the argument made by many throughout the world regarding this pathogen and its consideration within a One Health dimension. © Copyright 2022, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2022. | Animals; Clostridioides; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Cross Infection; One Health; Ribotyping; animal; Clostridium infection; cross infection; genetics; microbiology; One Health; ribotyping; veterinary medicine | Clostridioides difficile; comparative genomics; One Health; whole-genome sequencing; zoonoses |
| Strengthening laboratory biosafety in Liberia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from the Global Laboratory Leadership Programme | Background: The Global Laboratory Leadership Programme (GLLP) has biosafety and biosecurity as one of its core competencies and advocates for a One Health approach involving all relevant sectors across the human-animal-environment interface to empower national laboratory systems and strengthen health security. Decentralization of SARS-CoV-2 testing in Liberia coupled with an increase in the number of COVID-19 infections among laboratory professionals raised biosafety concerns. In response, a set of trainings on laboratory biosafety was launched for lab personnel across the country under the framework of the GLLP. The goal was to deliver a comprehensive package for laboratory biosafety in the context of SARS-CoV-2 through active learning. Methods: Three one-day workshops were conducted between September and October 2020, training personnel from human, animal and environmental laboratories through a One Health approach. Concepts critical to laboratory biosafety were delivered in an interactive engagement format to ensure effective learning and retention of concepts. Pre- and post-training assessments were performed, and a paired t-test was used to assess knowledge gain. Results: Of the 67 participants, 64 were from the human health sector, one from veterinary sector and two from environmental health sector. The average pre-test score was 41%. The main gaps identified were failure to acknowledge surgical antisepsis as a form of hand hygiene and recognition of PPE as the best risk control measure. The average post-test score was 75.5%. The mean difference of pre-test and post-test scores was statistically significant (p-value <0.001). Participants indicated satisfaction with the workshop content, mode of delivery and trainers’ proficiency. Conclusions: The workshops were impactful as evidenced by significant improvement (34.5%) in the post-test scores and positive participant feedback. Repeated refresher trainings are vital to addressing the gaps, ensuring compliance, and promoting biosafety culture. GLLP’s approach to cultivating multisectoral national laboratory leaders ready to take responsibility and ownership for capacity building provides a sustainable solution for attaining strong national laboratory systems better prepared for health emergencies and pandemics like COVID-19. © 2022 The Authors | antisepsis; Article; biosafety; constructive feedback; controlled study; coronavirus disease 2019; environmental health; good laboratory practice; hand washing; human; laboratory biosafety; learning environment; Liberia; occupational safety; One Health; pandemic; paramedical education; protocol compliance; risk reduction; satisfaction; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; skill retention; veterinary medicine | COVID-19; Global laboratory leadership programme; Laboratory biosafety; One health; SARS-CoV-2; Workforce development |
| Innovations in the veterinary intestinal health field: A patent landscape analysis | In recent years it has become evident that a healthy intestinal microbiome is beneficial for the overall health of an individual. A healthy microbiome is diverse, increasing stability and resilience and strengthening the immune system. In addition, healthy intestinal metabolisms have a beneficial effect on many physiological processes such as the brain function. Looking from the One Health perspective, which recognizes that health of humans is closely connected to the health of animals and environment, it is inherently beneficial to stimulate the health of animals for the well-being of humans. However, the intensive administration of antibiotics to livestock for prevention and cure of disease, and even stimulation of growth, disrupts a healthy microbiome. With the rapid increase of emerging zoonotic diseases, alternatives to the use of antimicrobial compounds are urgently necessary. This research analyses the development of alternatives for antibiotic use contributing to veterinary intestinal health through an in-depth patent analysis of inventions for fodder additives. In the period 1999–2020, 1269 unique patent families describing the use of probiotics, enzymes and prebiotics for swine, poultry and ruminants were identified. Innovation trends, geography, key applicants, and classification of patents were analysed. Asian industrial applicants applied for the majority of patents comprising the largest share of patents for probiotics and enzymes in combination with fodder for swine. Followed by North American and European industrial applications, applying for patents for probiotics in combination with fodder for poultry, swine, and ruminants. Overall, our results do not show a clear increase in innovations, suggesting that innovations in the use of probiotics and enzymes in animal feed appear to be stalling. While in the near future a combination of the use of antibiotics and alternatives is most likely to be implemented, the use of probiotics stands a good chance of replacing antibiotics in animal husbandry and limiting the adverse effects of antibiotic abuse. © 2022 The Authors | antiinfective agent; polyphenol; prebiotic agent; probiotic agent; animal husbandry; Article; Bifidobacterium; geographic distribution; host microbe interaction; intestine; Lactobacillus; livestock; microbiome; nonhuman; One Health; patent; ruminant; veterinary medicine; wellbeing; zoonosis | Antibiotic use; Enzymes; One health; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Veterinary intestinal health |
| Tick-borne pathogens detected in sheltered dogs during an epidemic of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a One Health challenge | OBJECTIVE: To assess exposure to and infection with 3 pathogens (Rickettsia rickettsii, Anaplasma platys, and Ehrlichia canis) vectored by brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in sheltered dogs at the western US-Mexico border. ANIMALS: 239 dogs in shelters in San Diego and Imperial counties, US, and Mexicali and Tijuana, Mexico. PROCEDURES: Each dog had blood drawn and basic demographic data collected. PCR was performed to determine active infection with Rickettsia spp, E canis, and A platys. Serology was performed to determine exposure to Rickettsia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia species. RESULTS: 2 of 78 (2.6%) dogs sampled in Tijuana were actively infected with R rickettsii. A single brown dog tick collected from a dog in Tijuana was PCR-positive for R rickettsii. Infection with E canis and A platys ranged across shelters from 0% to 27% and 0% to 33%, respectively. Dogs in all 4 locations demonstrated exposure to all 3 pathogens, though Rickettsia and Ehrlichia seropositivity was highest in Mexicali (81% and 49%, respectively) and Anaplasma seropositivity was highest in Tijuana (45%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: While infection and exposure were highest in sheltered dogs in the southern locations, dogs in all locations demonstrated exposure to all pathogens, demonstrating the potential for emergence and spread of zoonotic pathogens with significant public health consequences in southern California and northern Baja California. In addition, veterinarians and shelter staff should be aware that Ehrlichia or Anaplasma infection may co-occur with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which is a human health risk. | Anaplasma; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Mexico; One Health; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; Anaplasma; anaplasmosis; animal; dog; dog disease; human; Mexico; microbiology; One Health; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; veterinary medicine |
| Serological and Molecular Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Captive Tigers (Panthera tigris), Thailand | Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Given the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, continuous surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in animals is important. To monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection in wildlife in Thailand, we collected 62 blood samples and nine nasal- and rectal-swab samples from captive tigers (Panthera tigris) in Ratchaburi province in Thailand during 2020–2021. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was employed to detect SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. A real-time RT-PCR assay was performed to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Our findings demonstrated that four captive tigers (6.5%, 4/62) had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan Hu-1 and the Delta variant, while no SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome could be detected in all swab samples. Moreover, a low-level titer of neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 subvariant could be found in only one seropositive tiger. The source of SARS-CoV-2 infection in these tigers most likely came from close contact with the infected animals’ caretakers who engaged in activities such as tiger petting and feeding. In summary, we described the first case of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in captive tigers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Thailand and provided seroepidemiological-based evidence of human-to-animal transmission. Our findings highlight the need for continuous surveillance of COVID-19 among the captive tiger population and emphasize the need to adopt a One Health approach for preventing and controlling outbreaks of COVID-19 zoonotic disease. © 2022 by the authors. | alcohol; illicit drug; actimetry; adolescence; adolescent; adult; Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; anxiety; Article; Brazil; cross-sectional study; depression; eating habit; economic aspect; education; energy consumption; family income; fat mass; female; food frequency questionnaire; food intake; human; lean body weight; major clinical study; male; mini international neuropsychiatric interview; nutritional value; obesity; One Health; physical activity; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; polysomnography; quality of life; questionnaire; skin color; sleep disorder; sleep time; Sleep Timing Questionnaire; smoking; social network; ultra-processed food | captive tigers; plaque reduction neutralization test; SARS-CoV-2; surveillance; Thailand |
| Who is the biological patient? A new gradational and dynamic model for one health medicine | One Health medicine aims to improve health by focusing on the relations between the health of humans, animals, and the environment. However, One Health does not provide a clear idea of these relations, which are still represented as conceptually separated and not as one health, as the name implies. Inspired by holobiont research, I suggest a new model and conceptual framework for One Health that expands the notion of the biological patient by providing a gradational and dynamic understanding of environments, patients, and their relations. This new model conceptualizes humans and non-humans, individual organisms, and collectives, as belonging to one system that allows for more or less inclusive understandings of patients. As such, it resolves the conceptual tensions of different One Health approaches and supports the implementation of One Health as an interdisciplinary research field. © 2022, The Author(s). | Animals; Humans; Interdisciplinary Research; Medicine; One Health; animal; human; interdisciplinary research; medicine; One Health | Holobiont; Interdisciplinarity; One health; Organism-environment relation; Patient; Population health |
| Long-term walking health problems and impacts of associated factors; [Troubles de santé à la marche au long cours et impacts de facteurs associés] | Objectives: Moderate and periodic walking is associated with a low risk of bodily injury. Health concerns associated to a substantial and sustained practice are scarcely reported, except in a few studies conducted among long-distance mountain hikers. Health problems in context of long-term walking are therefore little known. This context of practice, for which there is a growing interest in the community, is specific to long crossing on foot or pedestrian pilgrimages. This study consists in identifying the health problems reported by pilgrims’ walkers after a pilgrimage and documenting the impacts of four factors such as body mass index (BMI), experience into the practice context, load carried and duration of the pilgrimage (in walking days). Method: Data on 35 walkers (age: 63.1 ± 7.7 years; 60.0 % women; BMI: 25.5 ± 3.7 kg/m2) are studied. Participants completed questionnaires and took part in two meetings with interviews in laboratory, before and just after a period of long-term walking. The initial meeting was held within 30 days before the initiation of the walk and the follow-up within 10 days after the walk. The participants’ involvement in their walking project had to be set a priori. Descriptive analysis was used to draw the profile of encountered health problems. An approach based on statistical tests was also used to determine on the observed proportions significant effects of each of the four a priori targeted factors. In addition, the initial state of participants is documented as well as their conditions of practice during the walking pilgrimage. Results: The total distance walked covered 586.31 ± 301.80 km over a period of 29.0 ± 14.0 days on average. Per day, the average walking time extended to 6.0 ± 1.0 hours (19.93 ± 3.24 km). A percentage of 88.6 (n = 31) participants reported having encountered at least one health concern during the period of walking. The total injuries and symptoms reported amount to 54 health problems, an average rate of 1.54 per individual. The most common problems were musculoskeletal (68.5 % of cases, average rate of 1.06 per individual), followed by skin problems (22.2 % of cases, average rate of 0.34 per individual). The knee is the most weight-bearing joint of the lower limb reported as symptomatic (average rate of 0.29 per individual). The leg or the leg-foot area (excluding damage localized to the foot) is a body part also widely reported (average rate of 0.20 per individual). Only the BMI among the four factors studied has significantly influenced the proportions observed on the health problems profile and practice conditions of long-term walking. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal symptoms (stiffness, tension, pain, inflammation, etc.) appear to be seem very common with long-term walking according to the results of this exploratory study. Knee and leg are the most vulnerable areas of the body. The body mass index seems to be a determining factor for the occurrence of health problems and the influence of the conditions of practice, whereas the duration (in days) of the walking pilgrimage does not seem to have a significant effect. Further studies are indicated to better understand this practice. © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS | adult; Article; body mass; body regions; body weight; clinical article; controlled study; exploratory research; female; follow up; health impact assessment; human; long term care; lower limb; male; One Health; public health problem; walking; walking distance; weight bearing | Body mass index; Health problems; Long-distance walking; Pilgrimage; Symptoms |
| Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of Infectious Diseases and Control Measures | The epidemiology and transmission dynamics of infectious diseases must be understood at the individual and community levels to improve public health decision-making for real-time and integrated community-based control strategies. Herein, we explore the epidemiological characteristics for assessing the impact of public health interventions in the community setting and their applications. Computational statistical methods could advance research on infectious disease epidemiology and accumulate scientific evidence of the potential impacts of pharmaceutical/nonpharmaceutical measures to mitigate or control infectious diseases in the community. Novel public health threats from emerging zoonotic infectious diseases are urgent issues. Given these direct and indirect mitigating impacts at various levels to different infectious diseases and their burdens, we must consider an integrated assessment approach, ‘One Health’, to understand the dynamics and control of infectious diseases. | Communicable Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Humans; Public Health; communicable disease; human; procedures; public health | COVID-19; epidemiology; infectious disease; intervention; One Health; SARS-CoV-2 |
| F74 plasmids are major vectors of virulence genes in bovine NTEC2 | Necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli 2 (NTEC2) are defined as E. coli producing the toxin known as cytotoxic necrotizing factor 2 (CNF2), a potent toxin primarily found in bovine but also in humans. NTEC2 are mostly associated with bovine, and cnf2 is known to be carried by pVir-like plasmids. In this study, we looked for NTEC2 in a collection of E. coli collected between 2011 and 2018 in French bovine. Thirty-two isolates, collected from both sick (n = 19) and healthy (n = 13) animals, were identified and characterized using whole-genome sequencing. One F74 plasmid of this bacterial collection was long-read sequenced: its size was 138 121 bp and it carried the cnf2, F17cA-eG, cdtB, iutA, iucC and ompP virulence factors (VFs), but no resistance gene. A large variety of genetic backgrounds was observed, but all cnf2-carrying plasmids belonged to the IncF family, and most of them (78·1%) were of the F74 group. Similar F74 plasmids were also reported from bovine in the United Kingdom and the United States, as identified in the publically available databases. Consequently, these F74 plasmids, which are widely disseminated among E. coli from cattle in the French territory, are vectors of virulence determinants that largely went unnoticed until now. © 2022 The Society for Applied Microbiology. | Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cytotoxins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Humans; Plasmids; Virulence; United Kingdom; United States; bacterial toxin; cephalosporin derivative; cytolethal distending toxin; cytotoxic necrotizing factor 2; hemolysin; outer membrane protein; unclassified drug; virulence factor; bacterial toxin; cytotoxin; Escherichia coli protein; cattle; coliform bacterium; disease vector; gene; gene expression; plasmid; virulence; animal experiment; Article; bacterial gene; bacterial genome; bacterial virulence; bacterium isolate; bovine; cdtB gene; cnf2 gene; data base; diarrhea; France; gene; genetic background; iucC gene; iutA gene; necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli; nonhuman; omphalitis; ompP gene; One Health; plasmid; septicemia; United Kingdom; United States; whole genome sequencing; animal; bovine; cattle disease; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli infection; genetics; human; microbiology; plasmid; veterinary medicine; virulence | cnf2; E. coli; F74; IncF; virulence |
| Systematic Surveillance and Meta-Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Sources from China and the USA | Highlights: Systematic analyzation to assess the spread of AMR bacteria prevalence in retail food products and the subsequent exposure to antibiotic resistance. Out of 13,018 food samples, 5000 samples were contaminated. Meat shows high to medium potential of AMR exposure for Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens. Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus were two predominant bacteria seen in China and the USA, respectively. Multidrug resistance was detected in most of the food samples from both countries. Food samples were more resistant to β-lactams and tetracyclines. Government bodies were formed to tackle AMR from food. Since the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century, they have been used to fight against infections. The overuse of antibiotics in the wider environment has resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In developing countries such as China and developed countries such as the USA, there is evidence of the high pervasiveness of antibiotic-resistant infections. However, the studies on the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that inform about the consequences are limited. The aim of our study was to analyze and compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) identified in published research papers from that found in different food sources, which were published between 2012 and December 2021, covering most retail food items. Out of 132 research papers identified, 26 papers have met our strict criteria and are included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The selected papers led to 13,018 food samples, out of which 5000 samples were contaminated, including 2276 and 2724 samples from China and the USA, respectively. Meat, aquatic products, milk, and eggs show high to medium potential for AMR exposure to Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Enterococci, etc. and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, Vibrio, etc. Most of the food samples show antibiotic resistance to β-lactams, tetracycline, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. Retail food products such as meat, sea food, and some other food products, as well as AMR genetics and technically important bacteria, are proposed to be better merged with mitigation strategies and systematic One Health AMR surveillance to minimize the knowledge gaps and facilitate comprehensive AMR risk computation for the consumers. © 2022 by the authors. | aminoglycoside; beta lactam; quinolone derivative; tetracycline; Acinetobacter baumannii; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; bacterium culture; Campylobacter; China; consumer; developing country; egg; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli; foodborne pathogen; government; Listeria monocytogenes; meat; meta analysis; milk; mitigation; multidrug resistance; multidrug resistant bacterium; nonhuman; One Health; pharmacist; prevalence; public health; quantitative analysis; Salmonella; sea food; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; systematic review; United States; veterinarian; Vibrio | antibiotics; antimicrobial resistance (AMR); China; surveillance; USA |
| Resistance to Fluoroquinolones in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Human, Animal, Food and Environmental Origin: The Role of CrpP and Mobilizable ICEs | Fluoroquinolone resistance and the associated genetic mechanisms were assessed by antimicrobial susceptibility and whole genome sequencing in 56 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from human, animal, food and environmental origins. P. aeruginosa PAO1, PA7 and PA14 reference strains were also included in the study. Twenty-two strains (37%) were resistant to, at least, one fluoroquinolone agent. Correlation between the number of changes in GyrA and ParC proteins and the level of fluoroquinolone resistance was observed. Mutations or absence of genes, such as mexZ, mvaT and nalD encoding efflux pumps regulators, were also found in resistant strains. The crpP gene was detected in 43 strains (72.9%; 17 of them non-clinical strains), and coded seven different CrpP variants, including a novel one (CrpP-7). The crpP gene was located in 23 different chromosomal mobile integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), inserted in two tRNAs integration sites. A great variety of structures was detected in the crpP-ICEs elements, e.g., the fimbriae related cup clusters, the mercury resistance mer operon, the pyocin S5 or S8 bacteriocin encoding genes, and mobilization genes. The location of crpP-like genes in mobilizable ICEs and linked to heavy metal resistance and virulence factors is of significant concern in P. aeruginosa. This work provides a genetic explanation of the fluoroquinolone resistance and crpP-associated pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa from a One-Health approach. © 2022 by the authors. | ciprofloxacin; DNA topoisomerase (ATP hydrolysing) A; levofloxacin; norfloxacin; protein ParC; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; quinolone derivative; amino acid sequence; amino acid substitution; antibiotic resistome; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; bacterial gene; bacterial strain; cell permeabilization; chromosome mutation; CrpP gene; fluoroquinolone resistance; food; gene mutation; gene overexpression; human; mexX gene; mexY gene; mexZ gene; minimum inhibitory concentration; mvaT gene; nalC gene; nalD gene; nfxB gene; nonhuman; pathogenesis; phylogenetic tree; phylogeny; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; whole genome sequencing | ciprofloxacin; CrpP; efflux pump; mutational resistome; one health; Pseudomonas |
| Lipases: it’s not just pancreatic lipase! | Lipases are water-soluble enzymes that hydrolyze water-insoluble lipid molecules, such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and galactolipids. They are ubiquitous in nature and are present in humans, animals, insects, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. While we commonly consider pancreatic lipase, this review provides an overview of several lipases that are important for the digestion and metabolism of lipids in veterinary species. All of these enzymes have specific functions but share a common α/β-hydrolase fold and a catalytic triad where substrate hydrolysis occurs. The pancreatic lipase gene family is one of the best characterized lipase gene families and consists of 7 mammalian subfamilies: pancreatic lipase, pancreatic lipase related proteins 1 and 2, hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, endothelial lipase, and phosphatidylserine phospholipase A1. Other mammalian lipases that play integral roles in lipid digestion include carboxyl ester lipase and gastric lipase. Although most enzymes have preferred substrate specificity, much overlap occurs across the plethora of lipases because of the similarities in their structures. This has major implications for the development and clinical utilization of diagnostic assays. These implications are further explored in our companion Currents in One Health article by Lim et al in the August 2022 issue of the Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, which focuses on pancreatic lipase assays for the diagnosis of pancreatitis. © 2022, American Veterinary Medical Association. All rights reserved. | Animals; Humans; Kinetics; Lipase; Mammals; Pancreas; Triglycerides; Water; animal protein; bile salt; carbon; carboxyl ester lipase; colipase; drosophila lipase; endothelial lipase; enzyme; ester; esterase; gastric lipase; hydrolase; lipid; lipoprotein lipase; liver triacylglycerol lipase; monoacylglycerol; pancreatic lipase related protein 1; pancreatic lipase related protein 2; phospholipase A1; triacylglycerol; triacylglycerol lipase; unclassified drug; vespid phospholipase A1; yolk protein; triacylglycerol; triacylglycerol lipase; water; absorption; amino terminal sequence; Article; assay; bioinformatics; chemical bond; digestion; duodenum; enzyme specificity; fat intake; human; hydrolysis; lipid metabolism; maximum likelihood method; metabolism; nonhuman; One Health; phylogenetic tree; protein function; veterinary medicine; animal; chemistry; genetics; kinetics; mammal; pancreas |
